Hydro

Question 1

What is streamflow?

Answer 1

The movement of water through a river or stream channel

A key hydrological parameter used in engineering, meteorology, and environmental sciences.

Question 2

Who is a hydrologist?

Answer 2

A person who studies streamflow and understands water distribution, flood risks, and the effects of human activities on water resources.

Question 3

What are the primary contributors to streamflow?

Answer 3

• Rainfall
• Snowmelt

Question 4

How does topography affect streamflow?

Answer 4

The slope and elevation of a land surface influence water movement.

Question 5

What climate conditions increase streamflow?

Answer 5

Snowmelt during warmer months.

Question 6

What factors reduce water movement in streams?

Answer 6

Freezing conditions.

Question 7

How does temperature influence streamflow?

Answer 7

Changes influence evaporation rates, affecting water availability in streams.

Question 8

What seasonal variations can cause fluctuations in streamflow levels?

Answer 8

• Monsoons
• Droughts

Question 9

How do human activities impact streamflow?

Answer 9

Urbanization reduces infiltration and increases surface runoff.

Question 10

What stream channel characteristics influence water velocity?

Answer 10

• Shape
• Width
• Depth

Question 11

What effect do narrower, deeper channels have on water velocity?

Answer 11

They tend to increase velocity.

Question 12

What is the importance of understanding streamflow?

Answer 12

• Water resource management
• Flood control and disaster prevention
• Environmental conservation
• Climate change studies
• Infrastructure design and maintenance

Question 13

Who measures and analyzes the flow and quality of water?

Answer 13

Hydrographer

Question 14

What is a wading rod used for?

Answer 14

To determine the water’s depth at various points across the stream.

Question 15

What is the formula for calculating area in a stream?

Answer 15

Area = Depth x Width

Question 16

How is discharge calculated?

Answer 16

Discharge = Area x Velocity

Question 17

What is water stage?

Answer 17

The elevation of the water surface above a particular point in the river.

Question 18

What are staff gages used for?

Answer 18

Monitoring water levels in rivers and streams.

Question 19

What type of staff gage is marked like a ruler?

Answer 19

Simple Vertical Staff

Question 20

What is a suspended-weight gage?

Answer 20

Measures water level by lowering a weight from a bridge or other high point until it touches the water.

Question 21

What is the purpose of recording gages?

Answer 21

To measure and record the stage or water level of bodies of water.

Question 22

What is a continuous recorder?

Answer 22

Gages that record water stage continuously over a period of time.

Question 23

What is a crest stage gage designed to record?

Answer 23

The highest water stage during a specific time period.

Question 24

What is a hydroelectric power plant used for?

Answer 24

Generating electricity.

Question 25

What factors determine the location of a stream gage?

Answer 25

* Accessibility for flood warning and navigation * Accurate data for discharge measurement

Question 26

What is discharge?

Answer 26

The volume of water flowing through a river or stream per unit time.

Question 27

How is discharge measured?

Answer 27

By transforming stage records into discharge records through calibration.

Question 28

What is the importance of calibration in measuring discharge?

Answer 28

It relates river stage to discharge due to natural channels having irregular shapes.

Question 29

What type of current meter consists of six conical cups?

Answer 29

Price Current Meter (Vertical-Axis Meter)

Question 30

What are the methods for measuring in the field?

Answer 30

* Wading for shallow streams * Using bridges * Cableways * Boats

Question 31

What is a stage-discharge relationship?

Answer 31

A mathematical or graphical relationship between the water stage and the discharge at a specific location.

Question 32

What does a simple stage-discharge relationship assume?

Answer 32

Stable flow conditions and no significant changes in channel geometry or roughness.

Question 33

What is temporary shifting control?

Answer 33

Short-term changes in the stage-discharge relationship caused by external factors.

Question 34

What is permanent shifting control?

Answer 34

Long-term or irreversible changes in the stage-discharge relationship caused by alterations in the river’s physical characteristics.

Question 35

What does a hydrograph represent?

Answer 35

How streamflow (discharge) varies over time at a specific location.

Question 36

What is a rising limb in a hydrograph?

Answer 36

The steep increase in discharge after rainfall.

Question 37

What is peak discharge in a hydrograph?

Answer 37

The highest flow rate during the storm event.

Question 38

What is lag time in a hydrograph?

Answer 38

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

Question 39

What is mean daily flow (MDF)?

Answer 39

The average discharge measured over a 24-hour period.

Question 40

What is mean annual runoff (MAR)?

Answer 40

The average volume of water that flows off a watershed over the course of a year.

Question 41

What are record peak flows?

Answer 41

The highest streamflow recorded at a specific location during a given period.