Hydrosphere

Question 1

Properties of water

Answer 1

High specific heat
Neutral pH
Good conductor
Exists in liquid form
Universal solvent
Has surface tension

Question 2

About hydrosphere

Answer 2

About 1% accessible for human consumption
71% is on Earth’s surface

Question 3

Natural waters

Answer 3

Surface waters: fresh and marine
Ground waters

Question 4

Area Filled with moisture in the ground

Answer 4

Zone of saturation

Question 5

What happens when weather is dry and discharge is greater than recharge?

Answer 5

Water table falls

Question 6

What happens when weather is wet or the recharge is greater than the discharge?

Answer 6

Water table rises

Question 7

What is a watertight layer of rock or clay that keep water from escaping deep into the Earth? Why?

Answer 7

Aquiclude; low hydraulic conductivity

Question 8

Different types of recharge

Answer 8

Natural: percolated water from precipitation
Lateral: from streams or rivers

Question 9

Underground caverns of porous layers of sand, bedrock or gravel where groundwater flows

Answer 9

Aquifers

Question 10

Aquifer with no seal above

Answer 10

Unconfined aquifer

Question 11

Aquifer with seal (aquicludes)

Answer 11

Confined aquifer

Question 12

From what point to what point does groundwater flow

Answer 12

High elevation and pressure to low elevation and pressure

Question 13

How are surface waters and groundwaters interrelated?

Answer 13

Surface waters recharge groundwaters through rivers and lakes

Groundwaters recharge surface waters when water table or aquifer intersects with lakes or rivers

Question 14

Will withdrawal of surface waters affect ground waters vise versa?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

An area of land that drains all streams and rainfall into a common outlet; drainage or catchment

Answer 15

Watershed

Question 16

Amount of time a water molecule stays within a particular stage in the hydrologic cycle

Answer 16

Residence time

Question 17

Examples of residence time

Answer 17

Biospheric water: 1 week
Ground water: 2 weeks to 10,000 years
Ice caps and glaciers: 1000 to 10,000 years

Question 18

It is measured by 3 critiques, name it and what the 3 critiques are

Answer 18

Water pollution; biological, chemical, and physical

Question 19

Discharge pollutants at specific locations, easy to identify. Name examples

Answer 19

Point sources; factories, sewage treatment plants, oil tankers, and underground mines

Question 20

Cannot be traced by a single point of discharge, very little progress because it is hard to control and identify. Name examples

Answer 20

Non point sources; cropland, livestock, urban streets, logged forests

Question 21

Where is dilution of pollutants less effective and why?

Answer 21

Less effective in lakes and reservoirs than streams because it has little flow and vertical mixing

Lakes are vulnerable to runoff of sediments, toxic substances, and nutrients

Question 22

What water body is also heavily affected by pollutants and why

Answer 22

Coastal areas; 40% of population lives there

Industries, cities, red tides, oxygen depleted zones, urban sprawl, and toxic sediments

Question 23

What can recover from moderate wastes? How and why? What is the twist?

Answer 23

Rivers and streams; with the use of biodegradation, dilution, bacteria that break down wastes

Will not recover if it is overloaded with pollutants and if there are slowly degradable and non-degradable pollutants.

Question 24

Source of surface water pollution:
Dead plant and animal matter
High BOD (?)
__% come from agriculture and urban sewage

Answer 24

Oxygen-demanding wastes
High in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
33%

Question 25

Source of surface water pollution: Plastic, metals, glass, and batteries

Answer 25

Non-biodegradable wastes

Question 26

Source of surface water pollution: Biological pollutants; difficult to monitor directly They use human fecal coliform as a measurement for biological and microbial pollution

Answer 26

Pathogenic organisms and human waste

Question 27

Source of surface water pollution: Phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers, detergents, and sewage from agriculture and urban areas Cause of ____: Prevent light from entering sea or river bed, decomposition depletes oxygen; positive feedback

Answer 27

Nutrients; Eutrophication - algal bloom

Question 28

Source of surface water pollution: Caused by oil tankers Affect marine life; immune, reproductive, and respiratory system

Answer 28

Oil discharge

Question 29

Source of surface water pollution: Heavy metals, synthetic organic chemicals that are toxic to organisms

Answer 29

Toxic substances

Question 30

Source of surface water pollution: Deviation from normal temperatures Caused by industrial processes like ___ Shifting of organisms to more suitable areas; overpopulation

Answer 30

Thermal pollution Dumping of coolants

Question 31

Source of surface water pollution: Dislodge plants, invertebrates and insects in stream bed Burry fish eggs or aquatic plants Can also carry toxic substances

Answer 31

Sedimentation/siltation from erosion

Question 32

Source of groundwater pollution: Cant degrade as fast as surface water Moves___ per day Little flow makes it____ Groundwater has less oxygen that helps decompose contaminants Ground water is___ , slowing chemical processes

Answer 32

Fertilizers, pesticides, gasoline, organic solvents 0.3m/day Not diluted or dispersed effectively Colder

Question 33

Remediation of ground water pollution: Pumping of contaminated water by filtration, oxidation, air stripping, or biological processes

Answer 33

Extraction wells

Question 34

Remediation of ground water pollution: Vapor-extraction well then treatment

Answer 34

Vapor extraction

Question 35

Remediation of ground water pollution: Injecting of nutrients to promote organisms that can help break down contaminants

Answer 35

Bioremediation

Question 36

Remediation of ground water pollution: Use of contact treatment; water passes through treatment bed and neutralizes contaminant by chemical, physical, or biological processes

Answer 36

Permeable Treatment Bed

Question 37

Measured to determine oxidizing or reducing potential of a substance Units in mV Ability of water to chemically break down pollutants COD: amount of oxygen consumed by chemical oxidation of matter in water Unit: mg/L (ppm)

Answer 37

Redox potential

Question 38

Measure of hydrogen ions in solution Degree of acidity or alkalinity Affects most chemical and biological processes Most important environmental limiting factor

Answer 38

pH

Question 39

Concentration of dissolved mineral salts present in waters and soils on a unit volume or weight basis Units: g/L or g/kg or ppt or ‰ Governs physical characteristics like density and heat capacity Related to other physico-chemical parameters

Answer 39

Salinity

Question 40

Measurement of ability of aqueous solution to transfer an electrical current Units: µS/cm Increased conductivity with concentration of ions (acid more conductive than alkaline) TDS: Amount of dissolved substances in a volume of water Unit: mg/L (or ppm)

Answer 40

Conductivity

Question 41

Measure of cloudiness caused by predominantly suspended material in water Unit: NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) Refers to light scattering properties of a sample TSS: Particles that cannot be dissolved i water and remain suspended in water column Units: mg/L or ppm

Answer 41

Turbidity

Question 42

Indicator of possible presence of fecal pollution and microorganisms that can cause disease United States: MPN/100mL or colonies/100mL Coliform bacteria generally originate in intestines of warm-blooded animals

Answer 42

Fecal Coliform

Question 43

Clean water Act of 2004

Answer 43

Control pollution from land based sources, lay down water quality standards and regulations

Question 44

Fresh water classification

Answer 44

3 lakes in class A: Lanao, Mainit, Holon 118 in Class C: Pasig River

Question 45

Managing water resources: Filtering mineral salts in sea and ocean

Answer 45

Desalination

Question 46

Managing water resources: Speed up natural process by which water is purified Settling of solids, aeration, and chlorine disinfection

Answer 46

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)

Question 47

Managing water resources: Reed beds; physical filtration through media layers and biological treatment associated with microorganisms that help break down pollutants UV Treatment

Answer 47

Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems (BWWTS)

Question 48

Managing water resources: Anaerobic and aerobic techniques that help break down matter Primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments; each stage progressively removing pollutants

Answer 48

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWWATS)