Lithosphere

Question 1

What is the effect of geological processes caused by plate tectonics?

Answer 1

Soil formation

Question 2

Formation of rock and soil:
formed via weathering and transport of existing rocks, and then deposition, cementation, and compaction

Answer 2

Sedimentary rock

Question 3

Formation of rock and soil:
Formed by cooling and crystallization of molten rock

Answer 3

Igneous rock

Question 4

Formation of rock and soil:
formed when heat and pressure are applied to rocks

Answer 4

Metamorphic rocks

Question 5

What is the phenomenon of the movement of continents and plates

Answer 5

Continental Drift

Question 6

What plate is the most active and why?

Answer 6

Pacific plate; ring of fire

Question 7

What are the three factors of soil formation?

Answer 7

1. soil age
2. climate
3. topography

Question 8

Soil horizon:
Decomposition takes place here

Answer 8

O: Organic Layer

Question 9

Soil horizon:
Nutrients from previous layer mix with minerals in this layer

Answer 9

A: Top soil

Question 10

Soil horizon:
Filtration from previous layer and leaching of minerals and organic matter

Answer 10

E: Eluviation Layer

Question 11

Soil horizon:
Mineral and metal salts found here

Answer 11

B: Subsoil

Question 12

Soil horizon:
More compact and has partly weathered rock

Answer 12

C: Parent Rock

Question 13

Soil horizon:
Super solid and compact; unweathered rock found here

Answer 13

R: Bedrock

Question 14

Type of soil parameter:
particle size used as basis, what are these?

Answer 14

Soil texture:
Clay, silt, sand

Question 15

Type of soil parameter:
indicator or organic matter content, drainage, and aeration

Answer 15

Soil color

Question 16

Soil color:
high in organic matter, more than 4%

Answer 16

Black

Question 17

Soil color:
Good organic matter content and well drained

Answer 17

Brown

Question 18

Soil color:
Low organic matter; well drained, color due to presence of ferric oxide (Fe2O2)

Answer 18

Red

Question 19

Soil color:
Low organic matter; poorly drained, color due to excess water, poor aeration and Iron oxide (FeO)

Answer 19

Gray

Question 20

Soil color:
Low organic matter, well drained

Answer 20

Yellow

Question 21

Soil color:
well and poorly drained due to fluctuations in water table

Answer 21

Mottling/smearing of color

Question 22

Soil nutrients:
Non-mineral

Answer 22

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 23

Soil nutrients:
Primary Nutrients

Answer 23

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium

Question 24

Soil nutrients:
What is the role of nitrogen

Answer 24

building block of proteins and is part of amino acids which is important for chlorophyll

Question 25

Soil nutrients: What is the role of phosphorus

Answer 25

Used to form DNA and RNA and store and transfer energy, promotes early plant growth

Question 26

Soil nutrients: What is the role of potassium

Answer 26

Plant translocation of sugars and starch formation, and helps efficiency of water by opening and closing small apertures (stomata)

Question 27

Soil Nutrients: Secondary nutrients

Answer 27

Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur

Question 28

Detachment and displacement of soil particles and transported by various means

Answer 28

Soil erosion

Question 29

Breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces mechanically and chemically WITHOUT displacement and transportation

Answer 29

Weathering

Question 30

5 man induced erosions

Answer 30

1. deforestation 2. clearing land for agricultural purposes and construction 3. dam construction and diversion of natural course of river 4. faulty farming 5. mining activities

Question 31

Soil erosion prevention: Planting organisms that are native and that can adapt to environment

Answer 31

Tree planting

Question 32

Soil erosion prevention: respecting topography of area and no leveling of ground.

Answer 32

Buffer strips - plants below because of water accumulation

Question 33

Soil erosion prevention: Plowing with respect to natural topography of land. Furrows are plowed perpendicular to the slope of the land rather than in the downslope direction.

Answer 33

Contour plowing

Question 34

Soil erosion prevention: larger crops used to protect soil like trees to minimize wind and water that cause erosion

Answer 34

Shelter belts/vegetative barriers

Question 35

Soil erosion prevention: System that eliminates plowing altogether to reduce soil erosion.

Answer 35

No-till agriculture

Question 36

Soil erosion prevention: Soil erosion on steep slopes can be managed and minimized by producing flat areas and walls that retain water and soil with retaining walls

Answer 36

Terracing slopes

Question 37

Soil erosion prevention: planting of several crops to allow land to recover after several years

Answer 37

Planting of more than one type of crop

Question 38

Uncontrolled waste dumping and landfill leachate

Answer 38

Soil Contamination