hyper & hypokalaemia Flashcards
1
Q
What are the causes of hyperkalaemia?
A
potassium in excess
- reduced excretion - AKI or CKD
- endo - low cortisol, low adolsterone
- drugs - K+ sparing, ACEi, ARBs, NSAIDs sulfonamides
- increased absorption - change in diet
- renal tubular acidosis
extra-cellular shift
- hyperglycaemia - DKA
- rhabdomyolysis
pseudo hyperkalaemia
- delayed sample analysis
- blood taken on the same side as a central line
- contaminated blood bottle
2
Q
Mneumonic for hyperkalaemia?
A
BAD LOSS
Beta blockers
ACEi/Acidosis
Diuretics/DKA/Digoxin
Lysis (rhabdo)
Osmolality hyper
Sugar - High
Suxamethonium
3
Q
What are the classic ECG findings for hyperkalaemia?
A
- Tall tented T waves
- loss of p waves
- broad QRS
- sinusoidal wave pattern
- V fib
- Asystole
4
Q
Treatment for hyperkalaemia
A
- Calcium gluconate - 10ml 10% 10mins
- Insulin + glucose
- inhaled SABA
some cases - dialysis, diuretics & bicarb
5
Q
How can you prevent hyperkalaemia from reoccuring?
A
-low K+ diet
6
Q
What are the symptoms of hypokalaemia?
A
- muscle cramp and spasms/weakness
- decreased deep tendon reflexes
- N& V
- Constipation
- cardiac arrhythmias
7
Q
3 broad causes of hypokalaemia?
A
- GI loss
- Renal loss
- intracellular shift
8
Q
Give me some causes of GI losses of hypokalaemia?
A
- Diarrhoea
- vomitting
- laxative abuse
9
Q
What are some renal causes of hypokalaemia?
A
- renal tubular acidosis
- cushings
- renin secreting tumour
- diuretics
- hypomagnesaemia
10
Q
What causes potassium to shift intracellularly?
A
- insulin use
- alkalosis
- thyrotoxicosis
- hypothermia
