Hyperlipid, arterio, athero 12/02

Question 1

What are 3 signs of hyperlipidemia?

Answer 1

Xanthomas, tendinous xanthomas, corneal arcus.

Question 2

How is called lipid deposits in cornea?

Answer 2

Corneal arcus.

Question 3

What the most often occurs tendinous xanthomas?

Answer 3

In Achilles.

Question 4

What the most often occurs xanthomas?

Answer 4

On eyelids. It is called xanthelasma.

Question 5

What are xanthomas?

Answer 5

Plaques or nodules composed of lipid-laden histiocytes in skin.

Question 6

In what ages the most often occurs corneal arcus?

Answer 6

In elderly (arcus senilis).

Question 7

How is described (2) arteriosclerosis?

Answer 7

arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity.

Question 8

What arteries are affected by arterioslerosis?

Answer 8

small arteries and arterioles.

Question 9

What are 2 types of arteriosclersis?

Answer 9

Hyaline and hyperplastic.

Question 10

What causes (mechanism) hyaline arteriosclerosis? How is seen on microscopy?

Answer 10

Proteins leaking into vessel wall, producing vascular thickening. LM - proteins are seen as hyaline.

Question 11

What diseases cause hyaline arteriosclerosis?

Answer 11

Long standing benign hypertension and diabetes.

Question 12

Long standing benign hypertension and diabetes. What vessel disease? Type?

Answer 12

Hyaline arteriosclerosis.

Question 13

Which vascular disease slowly progresses to chronic renal failure?

Answer 13

Hyaline arteriosclerosis.

Question 14

What causes (mechanism) hyperplastic arteriosclerosis? How is seen on microscopy?

Answer 14

Thickening of vessel wall by hyperplasia of smooth muscle. LM - ‘‘onion skinning”.

Question 15

What diseases cause hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?

Answer 15

Malignant hypertension, e.i. SEVERE hypertension.

Question 16

Which vascular disease cause acute renal failure?

Answer 16

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

Question 17

What is the result (2) in organs of hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?

Answer 17

Reduced vessel caliber with end-organ ischemia.

Question 18

Reduced vessel caliber with end-organ ischemia. What causes those changes?

Answer 18

Hyaline and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

Question 19

What type of renal failure cause hyperplastic arteriosclerosis?

Answer 19

Acute.

Question 20

What produces glomerular scarring?

Answer 20

Hyaline arteriosclerosis.

Question 21

What causes fibrinoid vessel wall necrosis and hemorrhage?

Answer 21

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

Question 22

What arterial disease can cause vessel wall necrosis?

Answer 22

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

Question 23

,,Flea-bitten” kidney appearance is common in ……………..

Answer 23

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis, PSGN, RPGN, HS purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa.

Question 24

Which arterial disease affects medium size arteries?

Answer 24

Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis).

Question 25

Which arterial disease is not obstructive?

Answer 25

Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis).

Question 26

What parts are affected in Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis)? What cause those changes?

Answer 26

Internal elastic lamina and tunica media. Vascular stiffing but no obstruction.

Question 27

Which arterial disease cause stiffing of vascular wall?

Answer 27

Monckeberg sclerosis (medial calcific sclerosis).

Question 28

In which arterial disease there is proliferation of smooth muscle cells in arteries?

Answer 28

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis.

Question 29

What arteries are affected by atherosclerosis?

Answer 29

Elastic arteries and large-medium size muscular arteries.

Question 30

Which part of artery is affected by atherosclerosis?

Answer 30

Intima.

Question 31

Which 2 arterial diseases cause obstruction?

Answer 31

arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.

Question 32

What arteries are affected by atherosclerosis? > > >

Answer 32

Abdominal > coronary > popliteal > internal carotid.

Question 33

Nonmodifiable factors of atherosclerosis?

Answer 33

Age (increase risk with age), gender (males and postmenopausal women), genetics (family history).

Question 34

Modifiable factors of atherosclerosis?

Answer 34

Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia.

Question 35

Mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque formation.

Answer 35

Dysfunction of endothelial cell --> lipids leak into the intima --> lipids oxidized --> macrophages consume ---> (kinda accumulation of macrophages and LDL) --> foam cells --> FATTY STREAKS --> because of inflammation and healing - --> smooth muscle proliferation and extracellular matrix depositions --> FIBROUS PLAQUE --> complex atheromas.

Question 36

Smooth muscle cell ,,migration" in atherosclerotic plaque formation is related to ............ (2)

Answer 36

PDGF and FGF.

Question 37

What are 2 merphologic stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation?

Answer 37

1. Fatty streaks (yellow lesions of the intima of LIPID-LADEN MACROPHRAGES). 2. Progresses to atherosclerotic plaque.

Question 38

What receptors are used to consume lipids by macrophages?

Answer 38

Scavenger.

Question 39

What 2 processes cause fibrous plaque formation from fatty streaks?

Answer 39

Smooth muscle cell migration/proliferation and extracellular matrix depostions.

Question 40

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of impaired blood flow and ischemia? Their location.

Answer 40

Angina (in coronars), peripheral artery disease (lower extremities, e.g. popliteal), ischemic bowel syndrome (mesenteric arteries)

Question 41

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of plaque rupture and thrombosis? Their location.

Answer 41

MI (coronars) and stroke (e.g. middle cerebral artery).

Question 42

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of plaque rupture and embolization?

Answer 42

Atherosclerotic emboli, e.g. to lungs.

Question 43

How is charecterised atherosclerotic emboli?

Answer 43

Cholesterol crystals within the embolus.

Question 44

What are complications of atherosclerosis because of wall weakening?

Answer 44

Aneurysm.

Question 45

What mechanisms cause atherosclerosis complications?

Answer 45

Ischemia or impaired blood flow; plaque rupture ant thrombosis; plaque rupture and atherosclerotic thrombus; weakening of vessels wall.

Question 46

What is intimal plaque consisted of?

Answer 46

necrotic lipid core (cholesterol) and fibromuscular cap.

Question 47

What process often intimal plaque undergoes?

Answer 47

Dystrophic caltification.