Hyperlipidaemia Flashcards
(35 cards)
what are the stages of atherothrombosis
1 - normal 2 - fatty streak 3 - fibrous plaque 4 - atherosclerotic plaque 5 - plaque rupture/fissure & thrombosis
at what stage is there angina/TIA/PAD
Fibrous plaque
Atherosclerotic plaque
what is the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaques
1 - endothelial damage 2 - protective response results in production of cellular adhesion molecules 3 - monocytes + T lymphocytes attach 4 - migrate through wall 5 - lipid rich foam cells 6 - fatty streak and plaque
what are the big 4 of CV risk factors
Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Smoking
Diabetes/obesity
what are the little 4 of CV risk factors
Physical inactivity
Alcohol
Stress
Biological factors
what are the types of lipoproteins
Chylomicrons Very low-density lipoproteins Intermediate-density lipoproteins Low density lipoprotein High density lipoprotein
what lipoprotein is strongly associated with atherosclerosis and CHD events
LDL cholesterol
what does a raised triglycerides make you susceptible to
increased risk of CHD
increased pancreatitis risk
which cholesterol has a protective quality and what is it’s relationship with CHD
HDL
lower HDL, higher risk for CHD
what is the relationship between triglycerides and HDL cholesterol
HDL tends to be low when Triglycerides is high
what lowers HDL
smoking, obesity, physical inactivity
what is the exogenous metabolic pathway concerned with
the transport and utilisation of dietary fat
what happens in the GI tract
Dietary fat is broken down into cholesterol, fatty acids and mono- and di-glycerides.
Together with bile acid they carry lipid to absorptive sites in the duodenum
what happens after absorption in the duodenum
chylomicrons are formed which enter the blood stream to be transported to the liver
what hydrolyse the chylomicrons once in enters the plasma and what does it do
lipoprotein lipase
releases the triglyceride core, free fatty acids and mono- and diglycerides for energy production or storage
what happens to the residual chylomicron
further dilipidation resulting in the formation of chylomicron remnants
what happens to the chylomicron remnants
taken up by the liver and undergo lysosomal degradation
are either used for cell membrane synthesis or excreted as bile salts
how much of the triglyceride is absorbed
virtually all
what does VLDL do
transports triglycerides from the liver to the rest of the body
what enzymes causes VDLD to undergo delipidation
lipoprotein lipase
what happens to VLDL
transformed into LDL
the larger VLDL particles are lipolysed to IDL
what enzyme reacts with smaller VLDL and IDL particles
hepatic lipase
what is the product of the endogenous pathway and what happens to it
LDL
absorbed by macrophages within the arterial wall to form lipid-rich foam cells
what is the mechanism of action of statins
inhibits HMG-CoA reductase - the enzyme involved in the rate-limiting step in the formation of cholesterol
