Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Endocrine > Hypersecretory states > Flashcards

Hypersecretory states Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two pituitary hormones that are absolutely essential for life?

A

Corticotropin (cortisol)

TSH (T4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two major effects that pituitary tumors can have on the endocrine system?

A

Hormone excess or deficiencies

Impingement of nearby structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pituitary apoplexy?

A

Hemorrhage into the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two different types of tumors that can have an effect on the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamic

Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the major inflammatory diseases that can cause hypopituitarism?

A

Granulomatous diseases

Lymphocytic hypophysitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is lymphocytic hypophysitis?

A

Autoimmune attack against the pituitary, causing a variety of different symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the granulomatous diseases that can have an effect on the pituitary? (3, two are infectious)

A

Sarcoid
TB
Syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Sheehan’s postpartum necrosis?

A

hypopituitarism caused by ischemic necrosis due to blood loss and hypovolemic shock during and after childbirth. The pituitary is more susceptible to ischemia d/t increased lactotrophs, so hypovolemia will more often result in infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the usual first ssx of Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Agalactorrhea, and amenorrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aneurysm of what artery can cause pituitary damage?

A

Internal carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three major infiltrative diseases that can cause pituitary dysfunction?

A

Hemochromatosis
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ACTH excess leads to what?

A

Cushings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TSH excess leads to what?

A

Hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

FSH/LH excess leads to what?

A

Hypogonadism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What three pituitary hormones have simple end organ feedback?

A

ACTH
TSH
FSH/LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which two anterior pituitary hormones lack a simple feedback loop?

A

PL

GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PL excess leads to what?

A

Galactorrhea

Hypogonadism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

GH excess leads to what?

A

Gigantism/acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What CNs can be affected with large pituitary tumors?

A

2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is it that prolactin levels increase with otherwise panhypopituitarism?

A

Loss of inhibitory dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What percent of the pituitary function does prolactin represent normally? What about in pregnancy?

A

10-25% normally

70% with prego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the normal serum concentration of prolactin?

A

2-15 ng/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is prolactin inhibitory factor also known as?

A

Dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What, besides pregnancy, stimulates the production of prolactin? (4)

A

Stress
Estrogens
Opiates
Diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the two main presentations of hyperprolactinemia? Why?
- Hypogonadism d/t inhibition of GnRH release | - Galactorrhea
26
Why is it that hyperprolactinemia is harder to detect in postmenopausal women?
They're already hypogonadal, and do not as readily produce milk
27
What are the causes of hyperprolactinemia, besides a pituitary adenoma that secretes prolactin? (4)
- Stalk compression - Decreased dop/dop inhibitory action - Increased stimuli (e.g. estrogen excess) - Decreased PL clearance from CKD
28
What are the two major types of stimuli that can cause hyperprolactinemia?
Excess estrogen | Hypothyroidism
29
Why can CKD cause hyperprolactinemia?
Decreased clearance of prolactin
30
Hyperprolactinemia with a prolactin level less than 30 is suspicious for what etiology?
Stress induce
31
Hyperprolactinemia with a prolactin level greater than 300 is suspicious for what etiology?
Pituitary adenoma
32
Hyperprolactinemia with a prolactin level greater than 100 (without pregnancy) is suspicious for what etiology?
adenoma
33
What is the use of ordering an hCG level with hyperprolactinemia?
prolactin levels with increase if prego
34
What is the use of ordering a TSH level with hyperprolactinemia?
TSH inhibits prolactin release. Thus if low, may be a secondary effect.
35
What are the 4 most common drugs that can cause prolactinemia?
Verapamil Metoclopramide (Reglan) Risperidone Haldol
36
What is the most common type of functional pituitary adenoma?
Prolactinomas
37
True or false: the size of prolactinomas correlates well with hormonal output
True
38
Which is more common: micro or macro prolactinomas?
Maco
39
When in particular do prolactinomas usually arise?
During pregnancy
40
Who usually has macroprolactinomas: men or women? Why?
Men Thought is that men do not seek medical attention as quickly as women
41
When is it appropriate to treat a microprolactinoma? What is the treatment?
If symptomatic | Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)
42
When is it appropriate to treat a macroprolactinoma? What are the two medical treatment options? Surgical?
Most always require treatment Bromocriptine and/or tamoxifen Transsphenoidal resection
43
What is the MOA of bromocriptine? Use?
Dopamine agonist for treating prolactinomas
44
What is the main symptom of hyperprolactinemia?
Failure to lactate
45
What is the major cause of hyperprolactinemia?
Sheehan syndrome
46
How do you diagnose Hyperprolactinemia? What is the normal response?
Stimulation test with TRH or chlorpromazine Normal increase is 200%
47
What is the MOA of Chlorpromazine? Use?
Dopamine antagonist | Typical antipsychotic, but also sometimes used to treat hyperprolactinemia
48
GH usually accounts for what percent of anterior pituitary function? How is GH released?
50% | Pulsatile fashion
49
What are the two hormones that control GH release? Which does inhibition/secretion?
- GRH stimulates release | - Somatostatin inhibits release
50
If there is GH excess before the epiphyseal plates close, what is the outcome? After they close?
``` Before = gigantism After = acromegaly ```
51
What is the sleep disturbance that can happen with acromegaly d/t GH?
OSA secondary to macroglossia
52
What happens to the hands and feet with GH excess?
Enlargement and carpal tunnel syndrome
53
What can excess GH cause that causes a pt to smell?
Hyperhidrosis
54
What is the GI pathology that can happen with GH excess?
Colon polyps
55
How do you diagnose GH excess?
GH inhibition test with standard glucose load
56
Pts with large pituitary adenomas should always be screened for what pathology?
GH excess
57
What are the goal of treatment for excess GH? (3)
- Decrease GH levels back to normal - Decrease tumor size - Preserve normal function
58
What is the treatment for GH excess?
- Surgery - Radiation - Bromocriptine
59
What is the role of bromocriptine in the treatment of GH excess?
Adjunct
60
What are the labs that are commonly elevated with GH excess? (5)
- Hyperglycemia - Hypercalciuria - Hypercalcemia - Hyperphosphatemia - Hyperprolactinemia
61
What is the most common cause of GH excess?
Ptuitary adenomas (75% of the time)
62
What are the two rare causes of GH excess?
GRH induced | Ectopic
63
What is the first pituitary hormone to be lost d/t pituitary/hypothalamus problems?
GH
64
How do you diagnose GH deficiency?
Stimulation test for GH release
65
If an adult has DM, how will a GH deficiency present?
- Decreased insulin requirements | - Hypoglycemia
66
What percent of the anterior pituitary function is dedicated to the thyroid function?
10%
67
What is the normal serum concentration of TSH?
0.5 - 3.5 micro units/mL
68
If a patient has panhypopituitarism, will they ever have normal TSH levels? If not, what should be measured?
N T3/T4 levels instead
69
What are the two secondary causes of hypothyroidism?
TSH or TRH deficiency
70
What are the two secondary causes of hyperthyroidism?
TSH excess | Resistance to T3/T4
71
What percent of the anterior pituitary function is used for ACTH secretion?
15%
72
What is the normal serum concentration of ACTH?
10-80 pg/mL
73
What is the difference between Cushing's disease, and Cushing's syndrome?
Disease = secondary/tertiary cause (brain) Syndrome = primary
74
ACTH deficiency is also known as what?
Secondary Addison's disease
75
What percent of anterior pituitary function is dedicated to gonadotrophs?
10%
76
What are the non-endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?
- Caloric intake - Temp - Sleep/wake - memory/behavior - thirst - ANS
77
Which are more common: slow or fast growing hypothalamic tumors?
Slow
78
What are the usual ssx of slow growing hypothalamic tumors? (3)
Dementia Disturbances in food intake Endocrine dysfunction
79
What is the usual presentation of rapid growing hypothalamic tumors?
Coma | ANS dysfunction

Endocrine (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions