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PHAR2803 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases and heart diseases.

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2
Q

What percentage of heart attacks and strokes are associated with high blood pressure?

A

Around 50%.

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3
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance.

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4
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

They detect changes in pressure in the arteries and initiate mechanisms to regulate blood pressure.

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5
Q

What is the sympathetic response?

A

Fight or flight response.

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6
Q

What is the parasympathetic response?

A

Relaxed state.

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7
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

A

Regulates blood pressure; ACE inhibitors work through this system.

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8
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

Hypertension with an unknown cause

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9
Q

Risk Factors

A

Obesity.
Male.
Genetic.
Job Environment.
High Salt Diet.
Stress.
Smoking.
High Fat.
Alcohol.
Age.

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10
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Hypertension due to background health issues

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11
Q

List conditions hypertension can lead to.

A
  • Heart Attack.
  • Atrial Fibrillation.
  • Stroke.
  • Kidney Disease.
  • Eye Problems.
  • Angina.
  • Dementia.
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12
Q

What is normal systolic blood pressure?

A

120 mmHg (when the heart contracts).

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13
Q

What is normal diastolic blood pressure?

A

80 mmHg (when the heart is relaxed).

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14
Q

What happens if diastolic blood pressure is too high?

A

It predisposes you to heart failure.

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15
Q

What is a manual sphygmomanometer?

A

A device requiring a stethoscope

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16
Q

What is ambulatory blood pressure monitoring?

A

A 24-hour monitoring method requiring 14 readings to validate results.

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17
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hypertension?

A

None

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18
Q

How is blood pressure diagnosis performed?

A

Measure in both arms

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19
Q

What medications are used for hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitors/ARBs

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20
Q

What are side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Dry cough

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21
Q

How does a high salt diet affect blood pressure?

A

It causes fluid retention

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22
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force per unit of area on a vessel wall exerted by the contained blood (measured in mmHg).

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23
Q

Where is systemic arterial blood pressure measured?

Study These Flashcards
A

In the largest arteries near the heart.

24
Q

What is a pressure gradient?

Study These Flashcards
A

Differences in blood pressure (ΔP)

25
How does blood move in relation to pressure?
Blood moves from higher pressure to lower pressure.
26
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure during the contraction of the heart
27
What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure during the relaxation of the heart
28
How is pulse pressure calculated?
Pulse Pressure = Systolic Pressure - Diastolic Pressure.
29
How is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) calculated?
MAP = Diastolic Pressure + (Pulse Pressure)/3.
30
What are the two types of regulation for blood pressure?
Short-term (Neural and Hormonal controls) and Long-term (Renal Direct and Indirect mechanisms).
31
What does the formula ΔP = CO x R represent?
The pressure gradient (ΔP) is the product of cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (R).
32
What typically increases in hypertension?
Increased peripheral resistance.
33
What is cardiac output (CO)?
The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute.
34
What influence heart rate?
Autonomic nervous system
35
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle in one heart beat.
36
What is the formula for cardiac output?
CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).
37
What is stroke volume (SV)?
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in one heart beat
38
What does preload refer to?
The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction
39
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
An increase in preload leads to an increase in stroke volume (SV).
40
How does venous return affect stroke volume?
Increased venous return (volume or speed) increases EDV
41
What is contractility?
The strength of contraction at a given muscle length
42
What are positive inotropic agents?
Substances that increase contractility
43
What are negative inotropic agents?
Substances that decrease contractility
44
What is afterload?
The back pressure exerted by arterial blood during ventricular contraction.
45
What are some other regulatory factors affecting cardiac output?
Age
46
What is peripheral resistance (R)?
The amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through blood vessels.
47
How does blood viscosity affect peripheral resistance?
Increased blood viscosity increases resistance.
48
How does total blood vessel length affect peripheral resistance?
An increase in total blood vessel length increases resistance.
49
How does blood vessel diameter affect peripheral resistance?
An increase in blood vessel diameter decreases resistance.
50
What should be done whilst a diagnosis is being made?
Blood Tests ECG Listening to heart sounds UACR Eye Assessment Lifestyle Interventions QRisk3
51
Which blood tests are done in the diagnosis of hypertension?
Hba1C Urea and Electrolytes Lipids
52
What are the 5 stages of a chest auscultation?
1. Aortic area - second right intercostal space 2. Pulmonic area - second left intercostal space 3. Erb's point - third left intercostal space (left sternal border) 4. Tricuspid area - fourth left intercostal space (left lower sternal border) 5. Mitral area or apex - fifth left intercostal space (midclavicular line)
53
Management of hypertension with: Type 2 diabetes OR An age <55 and not of black African origin.
1. ACEi or ARB 2. ACEi or ARB + CCB OR thiazide-like diuretic 3. ACEi OR ARB + CCB + thiazide-like diuretic
54
Management of hypertension in patients >55 and/or black African without diabetes?
1. CCB 2. CCB + ACEi or ARB OR thiazide-like diuretic 3. ACEi OR ARB + CCB + thiazide-like
55

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