Thromboembolism Flashcards
(17 cards)
What are some risk factors for thromboembolism?
History of DVT, cancer, age over 60, obesity, male sex, heart failure, medical illness (e.g., infection), thrombophilia, inflammatory disorders (e.g., vasculitis), varicose veins, smoking, recent surgery or trauma, chemotherapy, significant immobility, prolonged travel, hormone treatments, pregnancy, dehydration.
What are common signs and symptoms of DVT?
Pain in one leg (commonly the calf), one leg larger than the other, redness, hot to touch.
What is the 2-Level DVT Wells Score threshold for considering a DVT?
2 points or more.
What are the common signs and symptoms of PE (Pulmonary Embolism)?
Shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, coughing (possibly blood), feeling faint or dizzy.
What test is used to confirm a pulmonary embolism after Wells score assessment?
CTPA (Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography).
What is the first-line management for thromboembolism?
Anticoagulation therapy.
What are examples of antiplatelet drugs for arterial thromboembolism?
Aspirin, dipyridamole, P2Y12 receptor antagonists (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists (abciximab).
What is the mechanism of aspirin in thromboembolism prevention?
Irreversibly inactivates COX-1 enzyme, blocking thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in platelets.
What are injectable anticoagulants used in venous thromboembolism?
Heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins (enoxaparin, dalteparin), fondaparinux.
What is the function of tissue-type plasminogen activators (tPAs)?
Induce the formation of plasmin and degrade fibrin (e.g., alteplase, reteplase).
What are examples of oral anticoagulants?
Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin), direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) like dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban.
How does warfarin work?
Blocks the reduction of vitamin K epoxide, affecting synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
What is the importance of monitoring INR in patients on warfarin?
To ensure proper dosing and balance between preventing thrombosis and avoiding hemorrhage.
Which foods and substances interact with warfarin?
Green leafy vegetables, cranberry juice, alcohol.
What are direct thrombin inhibitors?
Hirudins (e.g., bivalirudin, desirudin) and dabigatran.
How do DOACs like rivaroxaban and apixaban work?
They inhibit factor Xa.
What are common side effects of anticoagulation therapy?
Bleeding, gastrointestinal discomfort, allergic reactions, and drug interactions.
