Flashcards in Hypertension Deck (108)
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1
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure in arteries when heart pumps
2
Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure in arteries when heart relaxes between beats
3
Which is more concerning--diastolic hypertension or systolic hypertension?
Systolic
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Hypertension = ____ measurements of blood pressure with diastolic > ___, systolic > _____, resting pulse pressure > _____
2 or more measurements
Diastolic > 90
Systolic > 140
Resting pulse pressure > 65
5
What is resting pulse pressure?
Systolic - diastolic
6
What is primary hypertension?
Hypertension with no identifiable cause
7
What are the lifestyle risk factors for primary hypertension?
Excess body weight
Smoking
Alcohol
Excess Sodium
low K+
Sedentary lifestyle
8
What are the risk factors for primary HTN?
Lifestyle
Hyperlipidemia
Depression
Age
Sex (<55 more common in men, >55 more common in women)
Genes (FH)
Race (african american)
(low Vitamin D
Stress
smoking
diet
Alcohol)
9
What is secondary hypertension also called?
Inessential HTN
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What are the causes of secondary hypertension?
Kidney disease/renal artery constriction
Tumor of the adrenal gland
Cushings/Conns
Coarctation of the aorta
Pregnancy (preeclampsia)
Medication
11
What medications can cause hypertension?
High estrogen oral contraceptives
Antidepressants (clozapine, venlafaxine)
12
What is rebound hypertension?
Hypertension after d/c antihypertensive medication
13
What kidney factors can cause hypertension?
Stenosis
Cysts
Glomerulonephritis
14
What type of tumor can cause hypertension?
Pheochomocytoma--adrenal gland (increases adrenaline)
15
People with diabetes are ____ more likely to get hypertension
2-4 x
16
How does diabetic nephropathy cause hypertension?
Not fully understood--involves;
Excess sodium retention
Sympathetic nervous system
RAAS
Endothelial cell dysfunction
Oxidative stress
17
___ and ___ can lead to vascular damage (associated with diabetes)
Glucose and fat
18
Autonomic neuropathy can lead to ________
Orthostatic hypotension
19
What organs can be damaged from chronic HTN?
Heart (HF, CAD, angina)
Kidney
Brain (stroke)
Eyes
20
What is the equation for BP?
BP = CO x peripheral vascular resistance
21
What are the 3 possible mechanisms of antihypertensive meds?
-Reduce systolic BP
-Reduce CO
-Reduce vascular resistance (vasodilation or decreased BV)
22
Diastolic blood pressure (is/ is not) predictive of mortality?
Is NOT
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Vascular resistance is controlled by _____
Sympathetic autonomic nervous system
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What is the equation for CO?
Stroke Volume x HR
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SV and HR are controlled by ____
PANS and SANS
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What does the baroreceptor reflex detect?
Change in blood pressure based on stretch of the blood vessels
27
How do baroreceptors respond to low blood pressure?
Activate the SANS --> vasoconstriction, increased HR, increased SV
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What happens when baroreceptors detect low blood pressure?
The Sympathetic output is decreased (vasodilation, decreased force of contraction, decreased HR)
Parasympathetic output is increased (decreases heart rate)
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What do chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in pH, CO2, O2
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