Hypertension and Arrhythmia Flashcards

(47 cards)

1
Q

What is the American Heart Association BP categories?

Should be review

A
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2
Q

What are non-pharmacological treatments for blood pressure?

A
  • dietary salt restriction
  • potassium supplementation (but big emphasis on diet change)
  • weight loss
  • DASH diet
  • aerobic exercise
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3
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Fast HR
> 100 bpm

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4
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Slower HR
< 60 bpm

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5
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Process where the electrical current to the heart is changing each cell from:
resting -> depolarized state

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6
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Heart muscle goes back to rest after contraction

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7
Q

What are the anti-hypertensive drugs?

Chart for all the drugs

A
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8
Q

What is the use of thiazide diuretics?

A

for mild-moderate hypertension

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9
Q

What is the use for loop diuretics?

A

effective in reducing edema but NOT a good hypertensive med

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10
Q

What is the use of potassium sparing diuretic?

A

a very weak anti-hyperensive agent

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11
Q

What are the effects of renin angiotensin?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • release of aldosterone
  • release of ADH
  • induces thrist = more fluid intake
  • chronic activation of renin-angiotensin system
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12
Q

Cardiac Action Potential

What is phase 0?

A

opening of fast Na channels and rapid depolarization
- Na+ into the cell
- changing membrane potential

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13
Q

Cardiac Action Potential

What is phase 1?

A

Initial rapid repolarization
- closing of fast Na+ channels

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14
Q

Cardiac Action Potential

What is phase 2?

A

The plateu phase
- balance between Ca+ coming in = K+ coming out

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15
Q

Cardiac Action Potential

What is phase 3?

A

Repolarization
- K+ channels stay open
- lets K+ to build up outside the cell
- cell repolarization

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16
Q

Cardiac Action Potential

What is phase 4?

A

Resting phase

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17
Q

What is the role of diuretics?

A

Acting on the kidney to increase excretion of sodium and water

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18
Q

What is the role of the renin angiotensin system?

A

BP regulation by:
- controlling fluid volume
- vascular tone by angiotensin II production

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19
Q

What is the roll of Ace inhibitors?

A

Lowering the BP
- prevents blood vessel and heart remodeling

20
Q

What is the role Angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

lowering BP
- preventing blood vessel and heart remodeling

21
Q

What is the role of calcium channel blockers?

A

lowers BP and preventing Ca+ from going into the cells of the heart and arteries:
- lowers BP
- treates angina
- controlling arrthymias
- treat migraines

22
Q

What is the role of beta blockers?

A

decreases HR and force of contraction = decreased CO

23
Q

What is the role of alpha blockers?

A

causes:
- reflex tachycardia
- but can also cause orthostatic hypotension

24
Q

What is the role of alpha-2 agonist?

A

decrease in:
- HR
- CO
- vascular resistance

25
What is the role of vasodilators?
used to treat moderate-severe hypertension that is difficult to control
26
What are some of the anti-arrhythmic drugs? | Picture 1 of 2 - with MOA and common side effects
27
What are some of the anti-arrhythmic drugs? | Picture 2 of 2 - with MOA and common side effects
28
# Class 1 What is the purpose of class 1 antiarrhythmics drug?
Blocks fast Na+ channels
29
# Class 1 What is the purpose of subclass 1A?
causes mod phase 0 depression longer repolarization increased duration of action potential
30
# Class 1 What are some of the drugs and its effects of class 1a?
31
# Class 1 What is the purpose of subclass 1B?
weak phase 0 depresion shorter repolarization decreased action potential duration
32
# Class 1 What are some of the drugs and effects of class 1b?
Best to treat ventricular arrhythmias
33
# Class 1 What is the purpose of subclass 1c?
Strong phase 0 depression little effect of repolarization
34
# Class 1 What are the drugs and its effects of subclass 1C?
Best to treat ventricular arrhythmias
35
# Class II What is the two major actions of class II?
1. blockage of myocardial B-adrenergic receptors 2. Direct membrane-stabilizing effects related to Na+ channel blockage
36
# Class II What are some of the drugs and effects of class II?
Effective in treating atrial tachycardias and ventricular arrhythmias
37
# Class III What is the purpose of class III drugs?
K+ channel blockers = causes delay in repolarization
38
# Class III What are some drugs and effects of class III drugs?
39
# Class IV What is the purpose of class IV drugs?
Ca2+ channel blockers = slows rate of AV conduction in patients with atrial fibrillation
40
# Class IV What are some drugs and its effects for class IV?
41
What is the function of adenosine drug?
inhibits AV conduction (short effect) = IV injection for supraventricular tachycardia
42
What is the function of digoxin?
reduces conduction throught the AV node = helpful to control atrial flutter and fib
43
What is the function of atropine?
blocks the vagal effects on the SA node = treats sinus bradycardia
44
What is the PT considerations for class I: sodium channel blockers?
Consideration: risk of proarrhythmias Intervention: - monitor HR and rhythm closely - adapt exercise intensity and duration to tolerance
45
What is the PT consideration for class II: beta-blockers?
Consideration: reduced HR and exercise tolerance Intervention: - use RPE sclaes to monitor intensity (because of HR is blunted)
46
What is the PT consideration for class III: potassium channel blockers?
Consideration: risk of torsades de pointes and other arrhythmias Intervention: - always monitor ECG during exercise if possible - be ready for any acute changes
47
What is the PT considerations for class IV: calcium channel blockers?
Considerations: potential for hypotension and bradycardia Intervention: - monitor vitals - avoid sudden positional changes to prevent orthostatic hypotension