Hypertension &DM

Question 1

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 1

A group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose, which results in defects in insulin secretions and insulin action.Its also characterized by impaired carbs,fat and protein metabolism

Question 2

What are the normal levels of glucose in blood?

Answer 2

3,3-5,9mmol/l

Question 3

What is Type 1 DM?

Answer 3

Immune mediated DM-Beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the body.Normally triggered by a viral infection(Islet cell,insulin,glutamine acid decarboxylase antibodies destroy beta cells)

Question 4

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 DM?

Answer 4

Type 1 is insulin dependent and type 2 is insulin resistant

Question 5

What are the signs and symptoms of type 1 DM?

Answer 5

Polyphagia,dipsia,uria
tiredness
Ketones in urine
Weightloss

Question 6

Why is hyperglycemia present in DM?

Answer 6

Body can’t use glucose for energy and it breaks down fat stores to provide energy to prevent starvation.Fats are converted to ketones by liver and used for energy (in excess ketone are acidic and toxic)

Question 7

What is Type 2 DM?

Answer 7

Caused by too much sugar intake and associated with obesity
Body compensates by increasing secretion of insulin to allow liver and muscles to continue to function normally and then eventually pancreas can produce enough insulin.
Damaged beta cells

Question 8

What are the S&S of type 2 DM?

Answer 8

Overweight
Physically Inactive
Family history
Loss of weight
Poor wound healing

Question 9

What are the complications of Type 2 DM?

Answer 9

Hypertension
Renal failure
Hyperglycemia hypersmolar non ketotic syndrome-Caused by stressor such as trauma,surgery,burns and infections

Question 10

What are the 4 forms of insulin for type 1?

Answer 10

Ultra short,short,intermediate,long acting

Question 11

Why are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 11

Hungry
Irritable
Headache
Shakiness
Sweating
Convulsions

Question 12

What are the secondary complications of HPT?

Answer 12

Atherosclerosis (fatty deposits of cholesterol in arteries)
Cva
Dyspnea
Damaged blood vessels
Neuropathy
Kidney damage
Retinopathy

Question 13

What are the classes of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 13

1-Hpt no symptoms
2-no symptoms at rest but has fatigue and chest pain with normal activity
3-pt is comfortable at rest but has symptoms with slight exertion
4-pt has symptoms even at rest

Question 14

What is used to measure blood pressure?

Answer 14

Sphygmomanometer