Hypoglycaemics Flashcards
Where is insulin Produced?
By the beta cells in the islets of pancreas.
What does insulin do?
It allows the uptake of glucose from the food and drink we consume into body cells were it is stored and used for energy.
What happens when we have no insulin?
Blood glucose soars- severe hyperglycaemia- body burns far as fuel - processed by liver/ ketoacidosis. -
What are the symptoms of ketoacidodus
Confusion
Shivering
Breathing difficulties
Name types of Diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
Age onset
Steroid
What is Polyhydramnios?
Increase in amniotic fluid.
What are the features of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
Mainly found in young
Not Tyoe 1DM
1-2% pop
Genetic HNF1 70%
Features of latent autoimmune (LADA)
Adulthood
Stop producing insulin
Similar to T1
Features of steroid induced Diabetes?
Short term rise glucose
Steroids cause liver to release glucose or prevent being absorbed from blood.
Stopping steroid usually reduces glucose
What considerations before and after prescribing for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Are lifestyle interventions enough.
Is patient happy patient happy to stay medication.
Consider guidelines.
What is Biguanides mode of action and give example.
Decreases hepatic glucose production, increases insulin sensitivity
• Example: Metformin
What is Sulfonylureas mode of action and give example
Stimulates insulin secretion
• Examples: Gliclazide, Glimepiride
What is GLP-1 Agonists and give example
Mechanism: Increases insulin, decreases glucagon
• Examples: Liraglutide, Semaglutide
Give DPP-4 Inhibitors mode of action and name example
• Mechanism: Increases incretin hormones, promotes insulin release
• Examples: Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin
Give SGLT2 Inhibitors mode of action and give example
Mechanism: Prevents glucose reabsorption in kidneys
• Examples: Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozi
Give insulin mode of action and name example
Promotes glucose uptake, inhibits glucose production
• Examples: Glargine, Lispro
Give TZDs and name example
Increases insulin sensitivity
• Examples: Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone
Give Alpha-glucosidase mode of action and give example
Class: Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors
• Mechanism: Slows carbohydrate absorption
• Examples: Acarbose
Give Meglitinides mode of action and give example
Mechanism: Stimulates insulin secretion
• Examples: Repaglinide, Nateglinide
