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Endocrine- Pituitary > Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axes > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axes Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the hormones released from the pituitary gland act (generally)?

A
  • Target organs

- Peripheral hormones

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2
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A
  • ACTH
  • TSH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • GH
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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3
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

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4
Q

The hormone released from the hypothalamus which acts on the pituitary gland is known as what?

A

Neurohormone

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5
Q

The hormone which is released from the pituitary gland which acts on the peripheral gland is known as what?

A

Trophic hormone

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6
Q

Which hormones released from the pituitary gland are active hormones?

A

GH and prolactin

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7
Q

Which hormones released from the pituitary gland stimulate the release of another hormone?

A

TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH

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8
Q

Which is the only hormone released from the pituitary gland to not have a direct stimulating hormone released from the hypothalamus?

A

Prolactin

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9
Q

What three things are measured to evaluate thyroid function?

A

fT3, fT4 and TSH

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10
Q

When may TSH not be a good marker of thyroid function?

A

Pituitary tumours or other causes of secondary thyroid problems

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11
Q

The hypothalamus releases what stimulating hormone in the thyroid axis?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary releases what hormone in the thyroid axis? What does this stimulate the release of?

A

TSH- releases thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland

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13
Q

What are the long and short negative feedback loops in the thyroid axis?

A

TSH from anterior pituitary inhibits further TRH from the hypothalamus
Thyroid hormones inhibit release of TRH from the hypothalamus and TSH from the anterior pituitary

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14
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus produce in the adrenal axis?

A

Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

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15
Q

What hormone does the anterior pituitary produce in the adrenal axis? Where does this act?

A

ACTH- acts on the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

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16
Q

How is cortisol secreted?

A

In a diurnal rhythm

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17
Q

What is cortisol deficiency?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

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18
Q

What is primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s Disease

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19
Q

Where is the problem in primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Adrenal glands

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20
Q

What is secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Pituitary disease

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21
Q

What is cortisol excess?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

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22
Q

ACTH is high in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome. Give two possible causes?

A
  • Pituitary origin

- Ectopic ACTH

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23
Q

ACTH is low in a patient with Cushing’s syndrome. Give the cause?

A

Adrenal origin

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24
Q

What is the difference between Cushing’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Cushing’s Disease- the problem is from the pituitary gland

Cushing’s syndrome- the problem comes from anywhere else

25
When is a stimulation test used in adrenal disorders? What is the stimulation test?
Synacthen Test- used when there is suspected adrenal insufficiency
26
When is a suppression test used in adrenal disorders? What is the suppression test?
Dexamethasone suppression test- used when there is suspected excess cortisol (Cushing's)
27
What is secreted from the hypothalamus to increase the production of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Growth hormone releasing hormone
28
What is secreted from the hypothalamus to decrease the production of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Somatostatin
29
What hormone released from the stomach increases the production of GHRH from the hypothalamus and GH from the pituitary?
Ghrelin
30
What hormone released from adipose tissue increases the production of GHRH from the hypothalamus and GH from the pituitary?
Leptin
31
Growth hormone once it has been released acts mainly where to produce what?
Mainly at the liver to produce IGF-1
32
As well as the liver, where else can growth hormone act directly?
Adipose tissue and other target tissues
33
Where does IGF-1 act?
Target tissues
34
Free fatty acids have what effect on the stimulation of GHRH and GH?
Inhibit production
35
What non-hormonal factors can also stimulate the hypothalamus to produce more GHRH?
``` Sleep Exercise Stress Amino acids Sex hormones ```
36
Can GH be measured randomly?
No
37
What is usually measured instead of growth hormone?
IGF-1
38
If GH is consistently high, what does this indicate?
GH secreting pituitary tumour
39
If IGF-1 is normal, what does this indicate?
Good control of the GH axis
40
If IGF-1 is high, what can this be indicative of?
Acromegaly
41
What is the result if there is excess secretion of growth hormone in childhood? Why is this?
Pituitary gigantism because the growth plates have not yet closed
42
What are the two functions of the gonadal axis?
- Regulate steroid hormone synthesis | - Regulate gamut maturation and production
43
What sex hormone displays diurnal variation?
Testosterone
44
When is the only time testosterone should be measured?
Between 8 and 10am
45
What does the evaluation of female sex hormones depend on?
Timing in the menstrual cycle
46
What hormone is released from the hypothalamus in the gonadal axis?
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
47
What two hormones does the anterior pituitary produce in the gonadal axis?
LH and FSH
48
Prolactin is secreted by what cells of the anterior pituitary?
Lactotroph cells
49
What is released from the hypothalamus in the prolactin axis? What effect does this have on prolactin secretion?
Dopamine- inhibits release of prolactin
50
If dopamine wasn't present, what would happen to secretion of prolactin?
It would be continually secreted
51
Where is the target tissue of prolactin?
The breasts
52
What can too much prolactin result in?
Hypogonadism
53
What receptors regulate thirst and water balance? Where are these found?
Osmoreceptors in the brain
54
What are 4 factors which act on the hypothalamus to signal there is too much water and more needs to be reabsorbed (i.e. more ADH needs to be produced)?
- Hyperosmolality - Angiotensin II - Sympathetic stimulation - Decreased atrial receptor firing
55
What effect does the release of ADH have on the blood vessels?
Constriction
56
What does vasoconstriction result in?
Increased systemic vascular resistance
57
What effect does the release of ADH have on the kidneys?
Fluid reabsorption to increase blood volume
58
What is the overall action of ADH?
Increased arterial pressure

Endocrine- Pituitary (5 decks)

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