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Neuroanatomy > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What structures are found in the diencephalon?

A

pituitary, hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus

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2
Q

The hypothalamus lies between which two structures?

A

the optic ciasm and the mammilary bodies

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3
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

external part of cortiospinal tract (just lateral of substantia nigra)

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4
Q

tuber cinerum

A

most ventral surface of the hypothalamus

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5
Q

infundibulum

A

stalk that connects the hypothalamus ot the pituitary gland; round nub sticking out of the optic chiasm

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6
Q

What are the four hypothalamic regions from most anterior to most posterior?

A

preoptic, supra-optic, tuberal, and mammilary region

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7
Q

Nuclei of the preoptic region:

A
  • lateral preoptic nucleus

- medial preoptic nucleus

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8
Q

Nuclei of the supraoptic region:

A
  • paraventricular nucleus
  • anterior hypothalamic nucleus
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus
  • supraoptic nucleus
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9
Q

Nuclei of tuberal region:

A
  • dorsomedial nucleus
  • ventromedial nucleus
  • arcuate nucleus
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10
Q

Nuclei of mammilary region:

A
  • posterior hypothalamic nucleus

- mamillary body

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11
Q

What is the general funciton of the hypothalamus?

A

integrative center for control of emotional and physiological state

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12
Q

What happens if a hypothalamic nuclei is ablated?

A

only see a partial loss of function becaused functions are distributed across multiple nuclei and many nuclei have complementary function

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13
Q

Can you map a given function to a single hypothalamic nucleus?

A

No

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14
Q

Explain sham rage

A

transections above the hypothalamus cause previously neutral or pleasurable stimuli to evoke: biting, clawing, arching of the back, piloerection, increased respiration and heart rate

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15
Q

What idea did the sham rage experiment lead to?

A

the idea that they hypothalamus serves an integrated role in coordinating emotoional behavior and physiology

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16
Q

What are the three categories of hypothalamic functions?

A
  • neuroendocrine
  • autonomic
  • central
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17
Q

What hypothalamic regions are primarily involved in neuroendorcine response?

A

preoptic and supraoptic regions

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18
Q

What are the three defining criteria for neuroendorcine response?

A
  • uses mostly the preoptic-supraoptic regions
  • has peripheral targets
  • sginals go through the pituitary
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19
Q

What are the two neuroendocrine pathways? Which one is direct?

A

parvocellular and magnocellular; magnocellular is direct

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20
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Neurohypophysis

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A

posterior pituitary

22
Q

The parvocellular pathway

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A
  • pravocellular neurons secrete releasing hormones into the pituitary’s portal vessels
  • portal vessels transport the releasing hormones into the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
  • endocrine cells in the pitutiary then secrete hormones into the general circulation where they act on distal targets
23
Q

Gonadotropins pathway

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A
  • preoptic nucleus produces and releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone into portal blood
  • the pituitary releases gonadotophins to target the gonads
  • effects: puberty, ovulation, gametogenesis
24
Q

Cortciotropin pathway

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A
  • paraventricular nucleus releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) into portal blood
  • pituitary then releases corticotropin, which acts on the adrenal gland
  • effects: stress response
25
Thyrotropin pathway
- paraventricular nucleus releases thryotropin releasing hormone into portal blood - pituitary releases thyrotropin, which acts on the thyroid gland - effects: cellular and metabolic rates
26
Growth hormone pathway
- arcuate nucleus releases growth hormone releasing hormone into portal blood - pituitary releases growth hormone to act on all tissues effect: cell growth
27
Prolactin pathway
- arcuate nucleus releases prolaction inhibitory factor (PIF; dopamine) - PIF prevents the pituitary from producing/releasing prolactin - prolactin acts on the mammary glands - effects: lactation
28
The magonoceullar pathway
- magnocellular hypothalamic neurons project via the infundibulum to the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) - neurohypophysis releases hormones direclty into the general circulation
29
Oxytocin pathway
the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei produce and release oxytoxin directly into general circulation to target: uterus, mammary glands, immune system, and CNS. -effects: uterine contraction, milk letdown, wound healing, social behaviors, fear attenuation
30
Vaspression (ADH) pathway
- the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus release vasopressin (ADH) directly into the general circulation to target: kidneys, smooth muscle, and CNS - effects: antidiuresis, vasoconstriction, aggression
31
What does homeostasis mean?
inperterbable to external perterbating factor(s); a set point
32
How does the hypothalamus adjust its output according to phsyiological conditions/to maintain homeostasis?
uses feedback, in which the accumulation of a hormone/substance effects its production
33
How does the body maintain the correct osmolarity of the blood?
- the circumventricular organs (OVLT and SFO) sense changes in blood salt concentration (activated by high salt) - OVLT and SFO activate the supraoptic nucleus (direct contact), which secretes ADH directly into the bloodstream - ADH signals the kidneys to concentrate urine, increases water retention in blood and so decreases blood osmolarity
34
Why can the circumventricular organs sense changes in blood osmolarity?
they lie directly next to the third ventricle and so are directly exposed to CSF and so the bloodstream
35
OVLT/SFO neurons shut down under _____ conditions, _____ activity
hypotonic conditions; reducing activity
36
How would you change the tonicity setpoint?
- alter OVLT/SFO sensitivity, make them less sensitive to salt - change surface levels of the TRPV1 receptors
37
Thermoregulation and the hypothalamus
- lesions in the supraoptic nucleus reduce body temperature | - SON neurons can be makde transiently activated to result in fever to kills pathogens
38
Rage/aggression and hypothalamus
loss of descending inhibitory inputs after transection lowers the threshold for aggresiive behavior -activation of paraventircular nucleus promotes aggression
39
Stress/fear and hypothalamus
- HPA axis activity increases in response to stressful experience - increases blood pressure, heart rate, glucose production, behavioral arousal - dysregulation of HPA axis is related to depression
40
What does the hypothalamus interact with to exert autonomic functions?
ineract with sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in brainstem and spinal cord
41
What is the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus?
white matter pathway linking hypothalamus to autonomic centers (visceral efferent motor nuclei of medulla, CN VII, IX, X)
42
What do the hypothalamic projections to the parasympathetic system control?
facial movements, salivation, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, stomach, pancreas
43
How does the hypothalamus innervate the sympathetic system?
through the hypothalamospinal tract
44
Hypothalamospinal tract innervates _____
sympathetic preganglionic neurons in T1 through L2
45
What is the function of the hypthalamospinal tract?
allows the hypothalamus to control visceral function, fight-or-flight behaviors, and adrenal gland functions
46
What is the general function of autonomic inputs into the hypothalamus?
allow the hypothalamus to monitor visceral sensation
47
The lateral hypothalamus recieves direct autonomic inputs from ____ via the _____
the spinal cord; via the hypothalamospinal tract
48
The hypothalamus recieves indirect autonomic inputs from ______ via ______:
-nucleus of solitary tract -ventrolateral medulla -parabrachial nucleus -reticular formation via the dorsal longitudinal fasiculus
49
Where is the dorsal longitudinal fasiculus located?
runs from the midbrain tegmentum to just below the cerebral aqueduct -runs medially
50
What is the function of the papez circuit?
- adds emotional valence to memories | - uses emotional valence as a way of signlaing that something is worth remembering
51
The Papez Circuit
mammilary bodies to thalamus to cingulate cortex to hippocampus to mammilary bodies via fornix

Neuroanatomy (4 decks)

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