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PHYSIOLOGY MED1 > Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

True or false:

The pars intermedia of the pituitary gland is avascular

A

true

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2
Q

Stimulatory cells of the hypophysiotropic region of the hypothalamus

A

Parvocellular

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3
Q

Which major hormone of the hypophysis affects the metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fats?

A

ACTH via the adrenocortical hormone

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4
Q

Which hormone of the hypophysis influences the control of the rates of most intracellular chemical reactions in the body?

A

TSH via T4 and T3

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5
Q

Predominant secretory cells of the adenohypophysis

A

Somatotropes

About 30 to 40 percent of the anterior pituitary cells are somatotropes that secrete growth hormone, and

About 20 percent are corticotropes that secrete ACTH.

Each of the other cell types accounts for only 3 to 5 percent of the total; nevertheless, they secrete powerful hormones for controlling thyroid function, sexual functions, and milk secretion by the breasts.

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6
Q

Acidophilic tumors would result to an increase of which hormones?

A

GH

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7
Q

Which hormone is produced by the liver upon stimulation by GH?

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I)

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8
Q

GH is a 191–amino acid protein that is structurally similar to which 2 hormones?

A

PRL and human placental lactogen (hPL)

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9
Q

ACTH is a 39–amino acid peptide that is synthesized as part of a larger prohormone called:

A

proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

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10
Q

What are the 3 glycoprotein hormones?

A

TSH
FSH
LH

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11
Q

POMC harbors the peptide sequence for:

give all

A

ACTH
2 isoforms of MSH
Endorphins (endogenous opiods)
Enkephalins

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12
Q

Which GSU (glycoprotein subunit) is specific to each glycoprotein hormone?

A

β subunit

Note: α-GSU is common to TSH, FSH, and LH

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13
Q 
Which of the following increases their stability in circulation and enhances the affinity and specificity of the hormones TSH, FH, LH for their receptors?
A. Hydroxylation of the subunits
B. Glycosylation of the subunits
C. Oxidation of the subunits
D. Reduction of the subunits
A

B. Glycosylation of the subunits

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14
Q

True or False:

The half-life of glycoprotein hormones and hCG are relatively short.

A

False:
The half- lives of TSH, FSH, and LH (and an LH-like placental glycoprotein hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]) are relatively long, ranging from tens of minutes to several hours.

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15
Q

These are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the paraventricular and supraoptic

A

Neurophysins

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16
Q

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β–related protein hormone secreted in both sexes upon FSH stimulation

A

Inhibin

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17
Q

Signaling pathway for the receptor of PRL

A

JAK/STAT pathway

Like GH, the PRL receptor is a member of the cytokine family coupled to the JAK/STAT signaling pathways.

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18
Q

This is where the anterior pituitary arises; invagination-like from the pharyngeal epithelium

A

Rathke pouch

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19
Q

The cell bodies located in the supraoptic nuclei (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) are described as _____-cellular that projects down the infundibular stalk as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tracts

A

magnocellular

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20
Q

The hormones that control the secretions of the adenohypophysis will be conducted to the anterior pituitary through minute blood vessels called:

A

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels.

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21
Q

The functional link between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

A

Median eminence

22
Q

Important functions of growth hormone, EXCEPT:
A. Decreases rate of glucose utilization in the body
B. Stimulates cartilage and bone growth
C. Functions through a target gland and exerts its effect on different tissues of the body
D. Increases rate of protein synthesis

A

C. Functions through a target gland and exerts its effect on different tissues of the body

GH does not function through a target gland, instead it exerts its effects directly on all or almost all tissues of the body

23
Q

The protein sparers mobilized by GH

A

Fats

24
Q

Major target organ of the GH

A

Liver

for IGF-1 production

25
Q 
Which of the following does not have the same receptor as the rest?
A. GH
B. Cytokine
C. PRL
D. EPO
E. NOTA
A

E. NOTA

26
Q

True or False:

Human GH can also act as an agonist of the PRL receptor.

A

True

27
Q

Major sites or organs for GH degradation

A

Liver and kidney

28
Q

Disease wherein there is lack of normal GH receptors but normal GH secretion, and do not have detectable GHBP in their serum.

A

Laron syndrome

“Laron, laron sinta wala kay papaya. Di mo kasi abot pagkat ika’y basot. Meron kang growth hormone, wala kang receptor. Pati GHBP, wala sa detector.” (lack GH receptors and no detectable GHBP)

29
Q

Proteins that have the potent effect of increasing all aspects of bone growth, the formation of which in the liver and other cells is caused by GH

A

Somatomedins

30
Q 
Which somatomedin is important in fetal growth?
A. Somatomedin C
B. IGF-1
C. IGF-2
D. Both A and B
E. NOTA
A

C. IGF-2 aka Somatomedin A

31
Q 
The most important protein stimulated by GH for bone growth
A. Somatomedin C
B. IGF-1
C. IGF-2
D. Both A and B
E. NOTA
A

D. Both A and B

32
Q 
Which of the following is NOT activated by Somatomedin C?
A. PI3-AKT pathway
B. MAPK pathway
C. JAK/STAT pathway
D. NOTA
A

C. JAK/STAT pathway

33
Q

True or False:

GH secretion is increased by hypoglycemia

A

True

GH increased release of
▪ Secretion is increased by sleep, stress, hormones related to puberty, starvation, exercise and hypoglycemia
▪ Secretion is decreased by somatostatin, somatomedins, obesity hyperglycemia, and pregnancy

34
Q 
Which of the following does not decrease secretion of GH?
A. Stress
B. Somatostatin
C. Somatomedins
D. Obesity hyperglycemia
E. Pregnancy
A

A. Stress

▪ Secretion is increased by sleep, stress, hormones related to puberty, starvation, exercise and hypoglycemia
▪ Secretion is decreased by somatostatin, somatomedins, obesity hyperglycemia, and pregnancy

35
Q

Other name for Insulin-like Growth Factor

A

Somatomedin

36
Q

The following can cause dwarfism, except:
A. Lack of anterior pituitary growth hormone
B. Hypothalamic dysfunction
C. Failure to generate IGF in the liver
D. Growth hormone receptor deficiency
E. AOTA

A

E. AOTA

37
Q 
Which of the following can be the result of an acidophilic tumor presenting after adolescence?
A. Dwarfism
B. Cushing's syndrome
C. Gigantism
D. Acromegaly
A

D. Acromegaly

38
Q 
Which of the following does NOT stimulate release of GH?
A. Decreased blood glucose
B. Increased blood free fatty acids
C. Testosterone
D. Estrogen
E. Ghrelin
A

B. Increased blood free FA

39
Q

True of False:
GH antagonizes the action of insulin at the postreceptor
level in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver

A

FALSE:
GH antagonizes the action of insulin at the postreceptor
level in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (but not the liver)

40
Q

True or False:
Under acute conditions, cellular protein depletion stimulates more production of GH than with the degree of glucose insufficiency.

A

False:
Under acute conditions:
→ Hypoglycemia is far more potent stimulator of GH secretion than acute decrease in protein intake.
Under chronic conditions:
→ Cellular protein depletion stimulates more production of GH than with the degree of glucose insufficiency.

41
Q

Amino acid differences of neurohypophysis hormones

A

In vasopressin, phenylalanine and arginine replace isoleucine and leucine of the oxytocin molecule.
FvR
oIL
Fidel v Ramos and oIL

42
Q 
ADH activates which of the following?
A. Adenylyl cyclase
B. DAG
C. Tyrosine kinase
D. IP3
E. Calmodulin
A

A. Adenylyl cyclase

43
Q

True or False:

Minute concentrations of ADH cause arteriolar constriction

A

False:
Higher concentrations of ADH have a potent effect of constricting the arterioles throughout the body → increasing the arterial pressure (hence its name, vasopressin)

Minute concentrations of ADH cause increased water conservation.

44
Q

Which peptide hormone directly stimulates osmoreceptors to ↑ ADH secretion?

A

Angiotensin II

45
Q

True or False:

Presence of stress and pain causes ADH secretion to stimulate ACTH release

A

TRUE

46
Q 
Which of the following does not decrease ADH release?
A. Alpha-agonists
B. ANP
C. Cortisol
D. Opiates
E. Thyroid hormones
A

D. Opiates

47
Q

Which is not an effect of ADH?
A. Potentiates ACTH response to stress or pain
B. Facilitates memory consolidation and retrieval
C. Diuresis
D. Lowers body temperature

A

C. Diuresis

48
Q

True or False:

increased secretion of oxytocin does not initiate rhythmic uterine contractions when the mother is in the onset of labor.

A

True

49
Q

True or False:

After the mother delivers the baby, oxytocin allows the contraction of the uterus to limit blood flow and blood loss.

A

True

50
Q

True or False:

Oxytocin decreases the uterine synthesis of prostaglandins

A

False: it increases

Prostaglandins increase contraction on the myometrium.

PHYSIOLOGY MED1 (15 decks)

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