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PHYSIOLOGY MED1 > Intro to Endocrine S04 > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine S04 Flashcards

1
Q

Organ that produces Insulin-like growth factor I

A

Liver

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2
Q

How many proteolytic cleavage does it take to form Ang II from angiotensinogwn?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

A

B. 2

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3
Q 
What and how many reaction/s does it take to activate Vitamin D into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?
A. methylation, 1
B. oxidation, 2
C. hydroxylation, 2 
D. acetylation, 1
A

C. Hydroxylation, 2 subsequent

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4
Q

What is the predominant mode of a closed feedback loop among endocrine glands?

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

Which of the endocrine feedback loops confer instability as increased levels of a component further stimulates increased secretion?

A

Positive closed feedback loop

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6
Q

Ovulation by the action of LH and estrogen is what type of feedback loop?

A

Positive closed feedback loop

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7
Q 
The following are controlled by response-driven feedback loop, except:
A. Blood glucose hormones
B. Osmolarity and volume
C. Sex steroid hormones
D. Calcium and phosphate levels
E. Sodium, postassium , hydrogen levels
A 
C. Sex steroid hormones
along with:
1st tier: releasing hormones
2nd tier: trophic hormones
3rd tier: peripherally produced hormones like the sex steroids, thyroid, cortisol, IGF-1
are all endocrine-axis controlled
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8
Q

True or false:
Physiological responses to peripherally produced hormones play a major role in regulation of endocrine-axis feedback loops

A

False:

Physiological responses play only a MINOR role in Endocrine-axis feedback loops

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9
Q

Indicate whether primary, secondary, or tertiary disease:

Lesion in the PERIPHERAL GLAND

A

Primary disease

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10
Q

Indicate whether primary, secondary, or tertiary disease:

Lesion in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

A

Secondary disease

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11
Q

Indicate whether primary, secondary, or tertiary disease:

Lesion in the HYPOTHALAMUS

A

Tertiary disease

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12
Q

The neural input from the SCN is generated from which of the following? (2 answers)
A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Specialized light-sensitive retinal cells
D. Signals via retinohypothalamic tract

A

C and D
Neural input is generated from specialized light-sensitive retinal cells that are distinct from rods and cones and from signals to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract.

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13
Q
A

C. Pineal gland

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14
Q 
Rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of melatonin?
A. Melatonin reductase
B. N-acatyltransferase
C. Serotonase
D. Does not require an enzyme
A

B. N-acetyltransferase

The amount and activity of this enzyme in the pineal gland vary markedly in a cyclic manner, which accounts for the cycling of melatonin secretion and its plasma levels.

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15
Q 
Which of the following is NOT processive stress? (2 answers)
A. Inflammation
B. Fear
C. Anxiety
D. NOTA
E. Hemorrhage
A

A and E

hemorrhage and inflammation are systemic stress

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16
Q

The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin from which neurotransmitter and its precursor?

A

NT: Serotonin

Amino acid: Tryptophan

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17
Q 
A patient who underwent a recent surgical intervention will most likely experience the following endocrine changes except:
A. Risk for Hyperglycemia
B. Stunted growth
C. Altered circadian rhythm
D. Augmented reproductive processes
A

D. Wrong as growth and reproductive processes are suppressed by medical and surgical stress
A is correct as there will be mobilization of endogenous fuels
C is correct as surgical stress will override the circadian rhythm

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18
Q

Biochemical classification of hormones:

A

Peptide
Catecholamine
Steroid
Iodothyronine

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19
Q 
Enzymes required by prohormones to trim at their inactive sequences:
A. Convertase
B. Exopeptidase
C. N-acetyltransferase
D. NOTA
A

A. Prohormone (proprotein) convertases are ENDOpeptidases that proteolytically cleave prohormones to generate bioactive hormones

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20
Q 
Protein hormones gain specificity from:
A. their Secondary Amino Acid
B. Posttranslational modification such as glycosylation
C. Enzymatic modification of Tyrosine
D. Both A and B
A

B. Protein/peptide hormones gain their specificity from their primary amino acid sequence and from posttranslational modifications, especially glycosylation
Option C is for specificity of catecholamines

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21
Q

Preprohormones or prehormones have at their N-terminus a group of 15 to 30 amino acids called:

A

Signal peptide

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22
Q 
Regulated exocytosis of peptide proteins require the following except:
A. Energy
B. Ca++
C. Intact cytoskeleton
D. Coat proteins
E. NOTA
A

E.

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23
Q 
The following are ways to administer peptide hormones, except:
A. Intravenous
B. Oral
C. Sublingual 
D. Intranasal
A

B. Oral
Proteins/peptides are readily digested in the gastrointestinal tract if administered orally. Hence, they must be administered by injection or, in the case of small peptides, through a mucous membrane (sublingually or intranasally). Because proteins/peptides do not cross cell membranes readily, they signal through membrane receptors.

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24
Q

Which protein hormones are not soluble in body fluids and have short biological half-lives?
A. IGFs
B. Growth hormones
C. All peptide hormones are soluble in body fluids
D. Both A and B

A

D.

They circulate in blood predominantly in an unbound form and therefore have short biological half-lives

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25
Q

How are peptide hormones primarily removed from blood?
A. Endocytosis
B. Lysosomal degradation of hormone-receptor complexes
C. Both A and B
D. NOTA

A

C.

26
Q

Mechanism by which peptide hormones are secreted:

A

Stimulus-secreting coupling

27
Q 
After the final cleavage of prohormones, the granules are found to contain which of the following?
A. Hormone
B. Copeptides
C. Chromogranins
D. Both A and B
A

D. Both A and B

28
Q 
Catecholamines are copackaged in secretory vesicles with which of the following, except
A. ATP
B. Ca++
C. Chromogranins
D. Copeptides
A

D. Copeptides are packages with peptide hormones and NOT catecholamines

29
Q 
Which of the 5 categories of steroid hormones are 19-carbon steroids?
A. Progestins
B. Mineralocorticoids
C. Glucocorticoids
D. Androgens
E. Estrogens
A

D. Androgens are 19-carbon steroids
A to B are 21-carbon steroids
Estrogen is an 18-carbon steroid

30
Q 
Which of the following vitamins' active form is a secosteroid?
A. Vit A
B. Vit D
C. Vit E
D. Vit. K
A

B. The active metabolite of vitamin D, which is a secosteroid (i.e., one of the rings has an open conformation), is a steroid hormone

31
Q

Which of the following is true of gonadotrophs? (2 answers)
A. Homodimers
B. Include FSH and LH
C. Have a unique alpha subunit and common beta subunit
D. Regulated by ovarian steroids

A

B and D

They are heterodimers with common alpha and unique beta subunits

32
Q 
Pregnancy tests are based on immunological detection of in urine of:
A. LH-specific alpha subunit
B. hCG-specific alpha subunit
C. LH-specific bet subunit
D. hCG-speciifc beta subunit
A

D. hCG-specific beta subunit

33
Q 
Which family of Steroid hormones are synthesized primarily by the testis?
A. Progestin
B. Glucocorticoid
C. Mineralocorticoid
D. Androgen
E. Estrogen
A

D. Androgen

34
Q

This serves as the core of steroid hormones

A

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (cholesterol ring)

35
Q

3 general types of enzymatic modifications of cholesterol

A

Hydroxylation
Dehydrogenation/Reduction
Lyase reaction

36
Q

Which of the following is not true of steroid hormones?
A. They are synthesized from cholesterol
B. They have 3 cyclohexyl rings
C. They have 2 cyclopentyl rings
D. They have some degree of non-specificity to receptors
E. They are not stored

A

C. Has 1 cyclopentyl ring like cholesterol

37
Q

The first step of steroidogenic pathway is:
A. conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
B. conversion of pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone
C. conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone
D. NOTA

A

A. conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

38
Q

Steroidogenesis is NOT regulated at the level of:
A. uptake, storage, and mobilization of cholesterol
B. enzyme gene expression and activity
C. secretion of preformed hormone
D. AOTA

A

C. Steroids are not regulated at the level of secretion of preformed hormone

39
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of the peripheral conversion of steroid hormones?
A. Can produce more active but similar class of hormone
B. Can produce a less active hormone that can be reversibly activated by another tissue
C. Can produce a different class of hormone
D. NOTA

A

D. NOTA = all are true

40
Q

What are the transport proteins that bind circulating steroid hormones?

A

Albumin
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of steroid hormone excretion?
A. Inactivating modifications
B. Glucuronide and sulfate conjugations in liver
C. Coupled Biliary excretion
D. Increased affinity to transport proteins

A

D. should be decreased affinity

42
Q 
Which of the following does not determine the specificity of iodothyronines?
A. Number of Ether linkages
B. Thyronine structure
C. Location of iodination of thyronine
D. NOTA
A

A.

Their specificity is determined by the thyronine structure, as well as by where the thyronine is iodinated.

43
Q

Iodothyronines are stored extracellularly in the thyroid as an integral part of the this glycoprotein

A

Thyroglobulin

44
Q

The following are true of Thyroid hormones, except:
A. They cross cell membranes by transport systems
B. Triiodothyronine has a half-life of 3 days
C. Thyroxine has a half-life of 7 days
D. Their receptor belongs to the same gene family of steroid and Vit D receptors
E. They are sparingly soluble in blood and aqueous fluid

A

B. T3 has a half-life of 18 days

45
Q

True/False:

Thyroid hormones can be administered orally like steroid hormones

A

True

46
Q

The following are mechanisms of Thyroid hormone secretion, except:
A. Split of amines from thyroglobulin
B. Release of free hormones in the bloodstream
C. Combination with thyroxine-binding globulin
D. Fast release of hormones to target tissue

A

D. should be Slow release

47
Q

This is the biologically active form of hormones for actions on the target organ, feedback control, and clearance by cellular uptake and metabolism.

A

Free hormone

48
Q

The form of hormone representing a reservoir to serve as buffer to acute changes in hormone secretion

A

Bound hormone

49
Q

A dramatic form of hormone resistance where androgen receptor cannot be activated by androgen or testosterone resulting to a hyperstimulated or hypersensitized testis and androgens are peripherally converted to estrogens

A

Testicular feminization syndrome

50
Q

While hormones circulate to all tissues, some affect only a few tissues. This is due to the:

a. Differences between hormones
b. Training state of the subject
c. Type of receptor at the tissue
d. Concentration of the hormone

A

c. Type of receptor at the tissue

51
Q

Growth factors and histamine are chemical agents released in small amounts that act locally. Which of the following best describes this function of the two chemical agents?

a. Endocrine
b. Autocrine
c. Paracrine
d. A and C only

A

c. Paracrine

52
Q

Which of the following accurately describes thyroid hormone?

a. Being an amino acid hormone, it binds to receptor on the inside of a cell
b. It is derived from cholesterol that undergoes iodination
c. Increased sympathetic preganglionic activity stimulates its secretion
d. Most of its circulating fraction is bound to globulin

A

d. Most of its circulating fraction is bound to globulin

53
Q

This hormone binds to an intracellular receptor:

a. Nitric oxide
b. Growth hormone
c. Prolactin
d. Insulin

A

a. Nitric oxide

54
Q

Thyroid hormone behaves like a steroid hormone EXCEPT for one of the following:
A. Both hormones are bound to proteins during transport
B. Both hormones are secreted into the circulation by simple diffusion
C. Both hormones bind to nuclear receptors
D. Both hormones initiate gene transcription

A

C. Both hormones bind to nuclear receptors (WRONG since Steroid Hormone receptors are found mainly in the cytoplasm while Thyroid hormones are found in the nucleus)

A is true since Steroid and thyroid hormones circulate in the blood while being mainly bound to plasma proteins
B Steroids are highly
lipid soluble, once they are synthesized, they can simply diffuse across the cell membrane and enter the interstitial fluid and then the blood. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are released in free form, which then diffuse through the base of the thyroid cell into the surrounding capillaries.

D. Several hormones, including adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoid hormones, and vitamin D are lipid soluble, they readily cross the cell membrane and interact with receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The activated hormone-receptor complex then binds with a specific regulatory (promoter) sequence of the DNA called the hormone response element, and in this manner either activates or represses transcription of specific genes and formation of messenger RNA (G883 Intracellular Hormone Receptors and Activation of Genes)

55
Q 
Which of the following hormones has receptors found in or on the surface of the cell membrane? (2 answers)
A. Peptide hormones
B. Catecholamines
C. Retinoid hormones
D. Adrenal steroid hormones
E. Gonadal steroid hormones
A

A. Peptide hormones and

B. Catecholamines

56
Q 
These hormones bind with protein receptors inside the cell rather than in the cell membrane, are lipid soluble, readily cross the cell membrane and interact with receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, EXCEPT:
A. Steroid hormones
B. Gonadal hormones
C. Catecholamines
D. Thyroid hormones
A

C. Catecholamines

57
Q

Which is considered as the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis?
A. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by desmolase/SCC
B. Conversion of progesterone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by enzyme hydroxylase
C. Conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol by enzyme hydroxylase
D. Conversion of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol by enzyme hydroxylase

A

A. Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by desmolase/SCC

  • Organelle: Mitochondria
  • Enzyme: Cholesterol desmolase (P450 scc or side-chain cleavage)
58
Q 
The hypophysial portal system transports releasing and inhibitory hormones from the hypothalamus to the:
A. Thyroid gland
B. Posterior pituitary gland
C. Adrenal gland
D. Anterior pituitary gland
A

D. Anterior pituitary gland
- secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by hormones called hypothalamic releasing and hypothalamic inhibitory hormones (or factors) secreted within the hypothalamus and then conducted to the anterior pituitary through minute blood vessels called hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels.

Posterior pituitary is controlled by nerve signals that originate in the hypothalamus and terminate in the neurohypophysis

59
Q

During menstrual cycle, estrogen secreted has the following effect on fallopian tube
A. Increases ciliogenesis during follicular phase
B. Increases epithelial cell size during early luteal phase
C. Promotes deciliation during luteal phase
D. Decreases tone of isthmus during follicular phase

A

A. Increases ciliogenesis during follicular phase

Hormonal regulation during Menstrual cycle:

  1. Estrogen (follicular phase)
    - inc blood flow to lamina propria of FT
    - inc ciliogenesis throughout FT
    - inc tone of muscularis of isthmus
    - promote production of oviduct-specific glycoproteins
    - promotes secretion of thick mucus
  2. Progesterone + Estrogen (early to midluteal phase)
    - dec epithelial cells size and function
  3. Progesterone
    - dec secretion of thick mucus
    - relaxes tone of isthmus
    - promotes deciliation
60
Q

After menarche, female adolescents may experience anovulatory cycles. Ovulation in this case does not occur due to the following conditions
A. Decreased amount of follicle-stimulating hormone
B. Insufficient number of LH receptors on granulosa cells
C. Insufficient level of preovulatory luteinizing hormone
D. Insignificant amount of prostaglandins secreted into follicular tissues

A

C. Insufficient level of preovulatory luteinizing hormone

PHYSIOLOGY MED1 (15 decks)

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