hypothesis testing

Question 1

hypothesis testing

Answer 1

We test our hypothesis (about the population) using data from a sample

Question 2

null hypothesis

Answer 2

the state of affairs where no effect exists

Question 3

Why do we need a null hypothesis?

Answer 3

The null hypothesis is developed for the purpose of testing

Question 4

alternate hypothesis

Answer 4

The alternate hypothesis describes what you will conclude if you reject the null hypothesis

Question 5

the significance level

Answer 5

a level of probability that we consider to be low enough for us to conclude the null hypothesis is probably false

Question 6

Null Hypothesis Significance Testing

Answer 6

1. State the null and alternate hypotheses
2. Specify the significance level (α)
3. compute sample statistics
4. Compute p-value for the test statistic
5. Compare p to α; accept or reject the null hypothesis

Question 7

Different forms of reliability

Answer 7

Internal consistency/ Test-retest reliability/ Inter-rater reliability/ Parallel form reliability

Question 8

Internal reliability

Answer 8

the consistency of responses to questions that purport to measure the same construct

Question 9

p value and hypothesis

Answer 9

p > .05 means a fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 10

Measurement Error

Answer 10

Systematic error: errors are repeated the same way/ Random error: These errors are random – they occur due to individual differences

Question 11

Sampling Error

Answer 11

the difference between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

Question 12

Sampling distribution of the mean

Answer 12

the probability distribution of all possible sample means of a given sample size

Question 13

central limit theorem

Answer 13

The mean of all the sample means represents the true population mean

Question 14

standard error

Answer 14

The standard error is an estimate of the average amount by which our measurement is likely to be wrong

Question 15

Non-directional hypothesis (two-tailed hypothesis)

Answer 15

states that there is a difference between groups, or a relationship between variables, but does not state the direction of the difference/relationship

Question 16

Directional hypothesis (one tailed hypothesis)

Answer 16

states that there is a difference between groups, or a relationship between variables, and specifies the direction of the difference/relationship

Question 17

Confidence Interval

Answer 17

A range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur with that range at a specified probability

Question 18

standard error of the mean

Answer 18

When you calculate the standard deviation of a set of mean scores

Question 19

type 1 error in hypothesis testing - false positive

Answer 19

To reduce the chances of making a Type 1 error, you reduce your alpha level for determining statistical significance from .05 to .01/

Question 20

type 2 error - false negative

Answer 20

To reduce the chances of making a Type 2 error, increase your sample size