I

Question 1

is the disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry its normal function.

Answer 1

Disease

Question 2

multiplication of the parasite within the host’s body

Answer 2

Infection

Question 3

organism is present on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes

Answer 3

Contamination

Question 4

one that benefits from the symbiotic relationship and harms the host

Answer 4

Parasite

Question 5

harbors the parasite

Answer 5

Host

Question 6

capacity of the pathogen to produce disease

Answer 6

Pathogenicity

Question 7

intensity of the disease produced by the pathogens or the degree of pathogenicity

Answer 7

Virulence

Question 8

factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease

Answer 8

Virulence factors

Question 9

They are either structural or physiological characteristics that help bacteria to

Answer 9

1. invade the host
2. cause disease
3. evade host defenses

Question 10

examples of virulence factors

Answer 10

bacterial toxins and enzymes

Question 11

the outcome of bacterial infections may be influenced by the determinants associated with the

Answer 11

host
pathogen/agent
modifying factors in the environment

Question 12

the agent meets the host

Answer 12

Encounter

Question 13

after attachment to receptors of host cells by means of specific adhesion molecules present on its surface.

Answer 13

Entry and colonization

Question 14

ex. of entry and colonization
-promote attachment in small intestine

Answer 14

pili of K88/K99 of E. coli

Question 15

proteins that promote tighter binding of bacteria to host cells following initial binding via pili

Answer 15

Adhesins

Question 16

mechanisms that destroy host defenses such as the production of extracellular matrices such as polysaccharide capsule which is antiphagocytic, inactivation of cellular responses, and interference with the humoral immune responses

Answer 16

Evading host defenses

Question 17

invading organism must evade host defense mechanisms and must gain access to host nutrients for growth

Answer 17

Multiplication

Question 18

ability of organism to invoke deleterious effects through toxin production and direct cell and cellular function damage

Answer 18

Damage

Question 19

ex. of physical barriers

Answer 19

skin
self-cleaning
normal flora

Question 20

ex. of innate immunity

Answer 20

inflammation
defensins
lysozyme

Question 21

ex. of specific immunity

Answer 21

antibody production
cell-mediated immunity

Question 22

period of time beginning with the initial infection through to the point where individual presents clinical signs. The agent localized and begun to multiply; asymptomatic but capable of transmitting the disease agent to others

Answer 22

Incubation phase

Question 23

short and present non- specific mild signs

Answer 23

Prodromal phase

Question 24

T or F. All diseases have prodromal phase

Answer 24

False
some do not have

Question 25

ex. of prodromal phase

Answer 25

redness and swelling depression anorexia

Question 26

characteristic of a particular disease are apparent

Answer 26

Invasive phase

Question 27

ex. of invasive phase

Answer 27

cough fever swollen lymph nodes vomiting diarrhea

Question 28

signs are at greatest intensity; when pathogen has invaded and damaged host tissues

Answer 28

Acme

Question 29

T or F. Acme can be sudden and severe or chronic; host –pathogen interactions are at their most intense and disease outcome is decided

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

characterized by decline in signs associated with the disease. Secondary infection may occur this time as the immune system has been compromised during the interaction with the original pathogen

Answer 30

Decline phase

Question 31

host begins to repair the damage caused by the presence of the pathogen, and the host recovers. This phase may be infectious if the disease is associated with scab or accessible lesions

Answer 31

Convalescent phase

Question 32

major virulence factors

Answer 32

adhesins capsules toxins

Question 33

could be classified on how they are released

Answer 33

toxins

Question 34

help the bacterium bind to the intestinal epithelium

Answer 34

adhesins

Question 35

prevents phagocytosis

Answer 35

capsule

Question 36

elaboration result to various damaging effects to the host

Answer 36

toxins

Question 37

soluble substances released into host tissues

Answer 37

exotoxins

Question 38

part of the bacterial cell wall and thus released when the bacterium dies or divide

Answer 38

endotoxins

Question 39

organisms producing exotoxins

Answer 39

all gram positive: some gram negative

Question 40

organisms producing endotoxins

Answer 40

almost all gram negative

Question 41

exotoxin location in the cell

Answer 41

extracellular

Question 42

endotoxin location in the cell

Answer 42

bound within bacterial cell wall

Question 43

exo chemical nature

Answer 43

mostly polypeptides

Question 44

endo chemical nature

Answer 44

lipopolysaccharide complex

Question 45

exo stability

Answer 45

unstable

Question 46

endo stability

Answer 46

relatively stable

Question 47

exo tonicity

Answer 47

among most powerful toxin

Question 48

endo tonicity

Answer 48

weak but fatal in large doses

Question 49

exo effect on tissue

Answer 49

highly specific

Question 50

endo effect on tissue

Answer 50

nonspecific

Question 51

exo fever prod

Answer 51

little or no fever

Question 52

endo fever prod

Answer 52

high fever

Question 53

antigenicity exo endo

Answer 53

strong weak

Question 54

toxoid conversion and use exo endo

Answer 54

toxoid used to immunize against toxin cannot be converted to toxoid

Question 55

exo example

Answer 55

Botulism gas gangrene tetanus diphtheria staphylococcal food poisoning cholera enterotoxins plague

Question 56

endo example

Answer 56

salmonellosis tularemia endotoxic shock