II

Question 1

stores all the information for the structures and functions of the cell

Answer 1

Dna

Question 2

genetic information of bacteria is stored in the

Answer 2

chromosome and plasmid

Question 3

carry genes that recombine with the recipient

Answer 3

mobile genetic elements such as plasmid

Question 4

Antibiotic resistance gene is acquired through

Answer 4

HGT

Question 5

linear sequences of DNA that carry coded information for the structure and function of an organism

Answer 5

gene

Question 6

is typically circular, double stranded chain of nucleotides

Answer 6

chromosome

Question 7

are extrachromosomal DNA molecules

Answer 7

plasmid

Question 8

F or

Answer 8

Fertility plasmid

Question 9

R or

Answer 9

Resistance plasmids

Question 10

example of plasmids

Answer 10

fertility plasmid, resistance plasmids and virulence plasmids

Question 11

are extrachromosomal DNA molecules

Answer 11

transposons

Question 12

READ

Answer 12

Typically, these other genes are for toxin production or R genes conferring resistance to antibiotics, such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, or ampicillin. Transposon can move R genes from one plasmid to another or to bacterial genes.

Question 13

associated from molecules that are required for a bacterium to cause disease

Answer 13

Virulence factor

Question 14

Cluster of virulence genes. Encode variety of virulence factors such as toxins, superantigens, adhesins, iron uptake systems, secretion systems III and IV, and many effectors that modulate behavior of host cells.

Answer 14

Pathogenicity islands

Question 15

sequences of DNA that can move both within and between genomes.

Answer 15

MGEs

Question 16

Horizontal gene transfer typically occurs via

Answer 16

MGEs

Question 17

examples of MGEs

Answer 17

Plasmids, transposon54s, prophages, insertion sequences

Question 18

Change in nucleotide sequence of a gene

Answer 18

mutation

Question 19

Base substitutions or point mutations producing

Answer 19

silent, mis-sense and nonsense mutation

Question 20

code for the same amino acid

Answer 20

silent mutation

Question 21

code for a different amino acid

Answer 21

missense mutation

Question 22

: code for a stop amino acid

Answer 22

nonsense mutation

Question 23

forms of mutatios observed in bacteria

Answer 23

1. Base substitutions or point mutations
2. Microinsertions and microdeletions of base pairs
3. Reversions
4. Deletions of multiple base pairs
5. Insertions during recombination
6. Translocation
7. Inversions

Question 24

transfer of bacterial genes on their same generation

Answer 24

HGT

Question 25

Genes encoding resistance to antibiotics, detergents or heavy metals, catabolic enzymes for rare substrates such as citrate, and plant or animal virulence factors may be transferred

Answer 25

by MGEs through HGT mechanisms.

Question 26

requires direct contact through the conjugative (sex) plasmid of the donor and recipient cells

Question 27

It transfers much larger quantities of DNA (occasionally whole chromosomes).

Question 28

DNA acquired either the original bacterial chromosome or plasmid in a previously infected bacterial cell is incorporated into bacteriophage nuclei acid and transferred by progeny of the phage to susceptible recipient cells.

Question 29

viruses that infect bacteria.

Question 30

only genes near the attachment site of the phage on the chromosome of host cell are involved

Answer 30

Specialized transduction

Question 31

2 forms of transduction

Answer 31

Generalized Specialized

Question 32

virtually any gene (genetic marker) of the host bacterium can be transferred

Answer 32

Generalized transduction

Question 33

Involves the transfer of free or naked DNA containing genes on a segment of chromosomal or plasmid DNA from a lysed donor bacterium to a competent recipient

Answer 33

Transformation

Question 34

ability of the bacterium to take up free DNA

Answer 34

Competence

Question 35

released into the medium from the recipient which facilitates the entry of DNA

Answer 35

Competence factor

Question 36

T or F. Not all bacteria can be transformed because some could not become competent.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Virulence factor of Bacillus antracis

Answer 37

Capsule, toxins/ plasmid

Question 38

Virulence factor of Clostridium botulinum

Answer 38

Neurotoxins/bacteriophages

Question 39

E. coli

Answer 39

Shiga-like toxin/bacteriophage adherence factor Enterotoxins/plasmids Heat-stable toxin, siderophore production/transposons

Question 40

Virulence factor of Salmonella Dublin

Answer 40

Serum resistance factor/plasmid

Question 41

Virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 41

Enterotoxins (A,D,E),toxic shock syndrome factor I/ bacteriophages Coagulase,exfoliatin toxin, enterotoxins/ plasmids

Question 42

Virulence factor of Yersinia pestis

Answer 42

Coagulase, fibrinolysin/ plasmid

Question 43

usually affects bacterial ribosomes -mutation alters DNA such that the protein produced or target is modified. The antimicrobial agent can no longer bind to target

Answer 43

Alteration of targets

Question 44

Example of alteration of target

Answer 44

resistance to erythromycin, rifamycin, and antimetabolites has developed by this mechanism

Question 45

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 45

1. Alteration of target 2. Alteration of membrane permeability 3. Development of enzymes 4. Alteration of enzymes 5. Alteration of metabolic pathways 6. Elimination of antibiotics through membrane-bound efflux pumps