I. Horse, dog and cat breeding Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
A
- Taxonomy
- Interspecies hybridization
- Evolution
- Domestication
- Consequences of domestication
- Basic Terminology
2
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
1. Taxonomy
A
KPCOFG: KingPopeComeOverFuckGirls
ACMPEE: AnyCuteMayPoopEqualExtra
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Perissodactyla
(non-ruminant, hooved animals) - Family: Equidae
- Genus: Equus
7. Species: • Wild horses – Equus ferus Boddaert • Prewalski horse/Taki – Equus ferus Prewalski • Tarpan – Equus ferus ferus • Domestic horse – Equus caballus Subgenus Asinus (African ass/donkey) Species • Equus asinus/africanus
3
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
2. Interspecies hybridization
A
- Mule
– Male ass (jack) & mare. Usually STERILE - Hinny/jennet
– Female ass (jenny) & stallion. Less common. Also INFERTILE - Zebra mules
- (zorse, zonkey)
4
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
3. Evolution
A
- Evolution is well documented.
- Most important evolutionary forms of horse:
- Eohippus
- Mesohippus
- Mio-, mery-, pliohipps
- Equus
- Most important changes: Size, toe reduction, diet (omnivores ! herbivores),
teeth
5
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
4. Domestication
A
- Occurred ~5000-6000 years ago
1st – Central Asia, later in Persia, Egypt & Europe (3000-4000BC) - Based on mitochondrial examination,
- Tarpan/Tarpan subspecies is main ancestor.
- Wild horses: Przewalkski horse is only remaining wild spp
- Feral horses: Have domestic ancestors but were born & live in wild
- (‘dedomesticated’) ! Mustangs, Bramby
6
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
- Consequences of domestication
A
1• Fusion of chromosomes o Wild horses – 66/64 o Asses – 62 o Domestic horses – 66/64 o Only assumed (has not yet been proved. Chromosome no. of Tarpan is unknown)
2• Mutations & selection
o 200+ breeds, breed groups & types
3• Size variation
o Height at withers (50-180cm) ! Horses & ponies
o Dwarfism – Falabella, Shetland pony
4• Build & conformation
o Draft horses, light horses etc.
o Breed characteristics (Roman nosed, dished face)
5• Weight variation
o 50-1200kg
6• Diet – Less effective feed conversion
7• Accelerated ageing
8• Reduced immune system & increased sensitivity to certain diseases
(e.g. decreased resistance to respiratory diseases)
9• Colour variations
10• Sexual activity
o Poorly expressed sexual dimorphism
o Reduced fertility in some breeds
o Monoestrus ! seasonally polyoestrus
7
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
- Consequences of domestication
SHORT
A
1• Fusion of chromosomes 2• Mutations & selection 3• Size variation 4• Build & conformation 5• Weight variation 6• Diet 7• Accelerated ageing
8• Reduced immune system & increased sensitivity to certain diseases
9• Colour variations
10• Sexual activity
8
Q
Topic 1
– Evolution and domestication of the horse, micro-evolutionary
consequences
6. Basic Terminology
A
- FOAL: Horse of either sex <1year old
- YEARLING:
Horse of either sex between 1 & 2 years old - COLT: Male horse <4years old
- FILLY: Female horse <4 years old
- MARE: : Femal horse >4 years old
- STALLION: Entire (non-castrated) male horse >4 years old
- GELDING: Castrated male of any age
- RIG: Stallion with an undescended testicle
9
Q
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
A
- Use of horses throughout history
- History of horse breeding
- Breeding systems/methods
10
Q
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
- Use of horses throughout history
A
1• Transportation
o Riding – “saddle horse”
o Driving – “harness horse”
2• Work – Farming, carts, ploughing, cavalry, police, ranching etc.
3• Food – Meat, milk
4• Companionship (pleasure riding, pleasure driving)
5• Therapeutic purposes
6• Sport – Hunting, racing, eventing
7• Medicine – Globulin & eCG (equine choriogonadotropin) production
8• Housing, instruments – Horse hair
11
Q
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
- History of horse breeding
A
1• ARABIAN horse ! Earliest documentation of breeding of horses by Bedouin
people in Middle East
2• Akhal-Teke ! Bred for war & racing in West-Central Asia
3• NOMADS of Mongolian Steppes have bred horses for several thousand years
4• MEDEVIAL Europe ! Specific breeding of horses for war
5• North Africa & Middle East ! Muslim warriors bred lighter horses for
speed & agility
- Later, in Europe, Europeans incorporated genetic traits of oriental horses to
improve the speed of native breeds. - Renaissance period: “Haute ecole” riding
Popular with the nobility
- Development of breeds such as Lipizanner - Thoroughbred: “Ultimate racehorse”
Warmblood: Developed during the 17th & 18th centuries for use as carriage
horses
Easily adapted to modern use as competition horses
12
Q
Topic 2
–Breeding goals and use in horse breeding, most important performance traits
(race, sport, others)
3. Breeding systems/methods
A
Selection of animals to be mated depends on intended use of animal
Must have a clear breeding goal
Knowledge of basic genetics:
1• Mendelian genetics – colour
2• Population/quantitative genetics
– polygenic traits, performance, speed,
strength, conformation
- Understanding of reproductive cycle & fertility
- PURE BREEDING
• Inbreeding: Inbreeding coefficient should NOT EXEED 0.1-0.3
• Line breeding: Repeated BACK CROSSING used for character fixation
- CROSSBREEDING
a• Blood refreshment:
Crossing of individuals of same breed but
different familial lines to increase vigour
b• Single crossing: One-time crossing
c• Grading up:
Regular crossings throughout more generations to improve breed/produce new breed
d• Synthetic breeds:
A planned gene pool of a horse breed
e• Terminal crossings: Utilises heterosis
- INTERSPECIES HYBRIDS
- Mules etc.
13
Q
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
SHORT
A
- Monogenic (qualitative) characteristics of the horse – Coat colours
- DNA colour test
- Behavioural Vices
14
Q
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
1. Coat colours
A
Monogenic (qualitative) characteristics of the horse – Coat colours
- Basic colours:
- Black, bay (brown), chestnut - Modified variants:
- Grey, roan
- Rules of Mendelian inheritance are valid for coat colour
- Roan ! Intermediate inheritance
- Coat colour may be a breed characteristic (Suffolk Punch, Cleveland Bay, Fresian
etc. ) - Some colour genes are molecular genetically UNDETECTABLE
(dun, chestnut, tobiano, overo spotted)
15
Q
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
1. Coat colours
COAT COLOUR LOCUS
A
A – Agouti
• Distribution of black coloured hair
E – Melanin extension/non-extension
• Extension of RED pigments
(red, chestnut, sorrel !
ee = ability to produce BLACK pigment in SKIN, but appears RED in HAIRS)
G - Grey
• Exclusion of pigment from hair over time (born dark, lightens with age ! progressive greying)
R – Roan • Mixing of dark & light hairs • Black-, blue-, bay- & red roan • Appaloosa characteristics may be related to the roan gene D – Dilution/dominant • Dun horses
W – White
• Inability to form pigment
• WW homozygotes ! Embryonic lethal
C - Colour • S – Spotting (Appaloosa; blanket, marble, leopard, snowflake, spot) • P – Piebald/skewbald • O – Ovaro spotted • T – Tobiano
16
Q
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
2. DNA colour test
A
Basic colour is determined by the
- white (W),
- grey (G),
- extension (E) &
- agouti (A) genes.
W, G ! Dominant
In absensce of W or G, the colours of: - bay, - black, - chestnut & - sorrel = are controlled by variations at the E & A locus.
17
Q
Topic 3
– Marking and identification of the horses, principal coat colours and inheritance, the behavioral vices
3. Behavioural Vices
A
Crib biting
Weaving
Windsucking
18
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
SHORT
A
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Puberty:
- General reproductive features
- Breeding season:
- Ovarian cycle of mare
- Cycle length:
- Ovulation:
- Corpus luteum (CL)
- Heat (oestrus)
- Practical heat detection - Frequent disorders:
- Covering
- Gestation
- Gestation period
- Fertilization:
- Implantation:
- Pregnancy diagnosis
- Pseudopregnancy: - Environmental effects/factors
- Photoperiod:
- Condition
- Hormones
9- Advanced reproductive techniques
• Embryo transfer
• Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
• Egg transfer
19
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Puberty:
A
Occurs btw 16-18 months
Full sexual maturity reached by:
2+ years (ave btw 3-5 years)
20
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- General reproductive features
A
- Uniparous
- Low reproductive potential
- Late puberty
- Seasonal sexual activity
o Mares are seasonally polyoestrus, except Camargue horse
(v. short season, essentially monoestrus)
• Frequent miscarriages
• Low pregnancy rate
21
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Breeding season:
A
Feb-August
Fertility highest in March-June
22
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Ovarian cycle of mare
A
1• CYCLE LENGTH: 20-21 days
Biphasic with luteal phase
2• OVULATION: Normally spontaneous
Occurs during last phase of heat
(4th/5th day)
One (occasionally two) egg(s) per ovulation
o TWIN ovulations rarely occurs
▪ Consequences of twin ovulations ! resorption, abortion 30%
▪ Twin-pregnancy is rare & undesirable (pathological trait)
3• CORPUS LUTEUM (CL)
o Persistency may occur causing anoestrus & missing cycles
o Heat can be induced in mares with a mature CL
4• HEAT (oestrus) o Lasts 3-5 (7) days o Foal heat (9th day after foaling) ▪ May be used for mating ▪ Fertile in 50% of cases
o Heat signs ▪ Relaxed, hyperaemic external genitals ▪ Frequent urination ▪ Raising tail ▪ Mucous discharge ▪ Desire for company ▪ Presenting to teaser stallion ▪ Teasing of other mares
o Practical heat detection
▪ LIVE COVER ! Mare is ‘teased’ several times with a teaser stallion.
Mares in heat will generally tolerate teaser or present herself to him
▪ VETERINARY determination ! - Ultrasound - Palpation; - Measuring hormone levels (LH, progesterone)
23
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Frequent disorders:
A
- Anovulatory cycle (only follicular phase)
- Persistency & atresia of follicles
- Prolonged cycles
• Short, “split” & silent heat
(common in early & late season, signs of
sterility)
24
Q
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
- Covering
A
• LIVE COVER
(required for all Thoroughbreds)
• AI
o Semen is collected using an artificial vagina (AV) & processed in a
laboratory before freezing/chilling & transporting
o Plastic catheter is used intrauterine deposition of semen
o Semen motility of 50% + is successful
o Conception rate is 60-80%
o Advantages of AI
1▪ No contact between mare & stallion
• No accidents
• Reduces spread of venereal disease
2▪ International breeding programs are possible
▪ Less stress to animals (no travel required)
▪ More mares can be mated to a valuable stallion
3▪ Allows linebreeding !
Semen can be stored long after death
of a valuable stallion
25
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
7. Gestation
1. Gestation period:
336 (326-350) days
Maintained by accessory corpus luteum, eCG (PMSG) production (days 31-120) & placental oestrogens
(4th-5th months onwards)
2. Fertilization:
Occurs in fallopian tube
Embryo migrates to uterus after 4-5 days (intrauterine migtation of embro between horns is common during early stage)
3. Implantation:
Around 40-50 days
Delayed innesting is common causing longer pregnancies at earlier seasonal mating
4. Pregnancy diagnosis
a• Non-return: No heat after mating/AI
b• Clinical signs
– Vaginal & rectal observations/palpations
o Thick, mucous cervico-vaginal discharge
o Asymmetric uterus, foetal fluid & foetus (felt on rectal exam)
c• Hormonal measurements
– eCG, progesterone, oestrogens
o Rapid progesterone & eCG test
o Placental oestrogens in late pregnancy
d• Ultrasound
o 14-45 days !
Spherical structure with embryo, vitelline veins, yolk sac & allantochorion
5. Pseudopregnancy:
- Consequence of embryonic death after 35 days.
- Characterized by prolonged luteal phase & normal eCG production
- Heat is NOT inducible !
- No reaction of CL to drugs
26
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
8. Environmental effects/factors
1. Photoperiod:
- Increased daylight (length of day) !
= Increased ovarian activity
2. Condition:
- Working,
- racing,
- sport
3. Hormones:
- hCG/GnRH ! --> Induction of ovulation
- PGF2α, gestagens
(Regu-mate, PRID) --> Oestrus induction
27
Topic 4 – Main reproduction features and traits of the horse
(breeding season, AI, raising foals)
Reproductive traits of horse (polygenic/quantitative characteristic)
9. Advanced reproductive techniques
May be used if an owner does not want to take a valuable competition mare out of training to carry a foal
* Embryo transfer
* Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
* Egg transfer
28
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
| ABREVIATIONS
1. Haemophilia
2. LWO
3. Melanomatosis
4. HYPP
5. SCID
6. EPSM
7. HERDA
8. GBED
29
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
| 1. Haemophilia
Haemophilia
• Lethal factors, gene mutations
• WW (white) & OO (ovaro white spotting)
30
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
| 2. LWO
* TC!AG mutation in endothelin B receptor gene
* Linked with melanocyte migration regulator gene of neural crest
* Lack of colon ganglions
* AR inheritance
• Signs:
- Colic &
- flatulence of suckling foals
- Death of homozygotes
```
• Seen in:
- Paint,
- Pinto,
- Quarter Horse,
- English Thoroughbred,
- Miniature horse
breeds
```
• MOLECULAR diagnosis
31
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
| 3. Melanomatosis
Melanomatosis of grey horses
• Disorder of melanocyte migration
```
• Signs: Relatively benign melanomas in grey horses of 15yrs +
around:
- eyes,
- vagina,
- anus &
- on skin
```
* Occurs in most breeds of grey colour
* CLINICAL diagnosis
32
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
4. HYPP
HYPP (hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis)
• Mis-sense point mutation,
autosomal DOMINANT
• Signs:
- Na-channel funct is disturbed in skeletal M.
- Hyperkalaemia,
- Lameness,
- Muscle weakness,
- Paralysis,
- Muscle twitching
• Occurs mainly in:
- Quarterhorse,
- Paint &
- Appaloosa breeds
• MOLECULAR genetic diagnosis
(DNA test)
33
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
5. SCID
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
• Frameshift mutation,
- deletion in DNA-protein kinase genes,
- AR inheritance
• Signs:
- Poor T & B-lymphocyte function,
- Immunodeficiency,
- Death of young foals (1-8wks) due to 2° infection after COLOSTRAL protection ceases
• Occurs in:
- Arab horses (2-25% may be carriers)
• MOLECULAR genetic diagnosis
34
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
6. EPSM
Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM/PSSM)
* Metabolic muscular condition ! "tying up"
* Also related to GLYCOGEN storage disorder
• Seen in:
Quarter Horses
35
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
7. HERDA
Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA)
* Also known as hyperelastosis cutis (HC)
* Autosomal RECESSIVE
• Collagen defect !
- Layers of skin are not held firmly together
36
Topic 5 – Most important genetic diseases of the horse
8. GBED
Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED)
```
• No glycogen storage !
- cardiac & skeletal M. cannot function !
=> DEATH
• Occurs in:
foals homozygous for lethal GBED allele
```
• DNA blood test
37
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
TRAINING
Training:
1. MAIN GOAL is to create a horse that is SAFE for humans to handle, performs a useful task for human benefit & is obedient
2. Historically !:
- Training for warfare,
- farm work,
- sport,
- transport
3. Today !:
- Recreational/sporting activities;
- specialized jobs
movie stunt horses,
police work & crowd control,
equine-assisted psychotherapy
4. Controversy exists over training methods. Some TECHNIQUES are considered cruel, others are believed to be gentler & more humane.
5. SAFETY is considered to be the most important aspect when training horses, due to their size & strength. Horse must be taught to behave in a way that will not harm/
injure the handler.
6. Horses are SOCIAL HERD ANIMALS ! Can learn to follow & respect a human leader
7. PREY ANIMALS ! ‘Fight or flight’ response. Horses must be taught to rely on humans to determine when fear/flight is an appropriate response to new stimuli & not to act on instinct (animal must learn to trust human)
8. Handling from an EARLY AGE is advisable ! Young horses are more adaptable & responsive to learning
38
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
STAGES OF TRAINING
Most horses go through a predictable series of steps before becoming a ‘finished’ animal
1. Training of foals/young horses – Getting animal used to human contact &
handling
2. Ground training – May involve getting animal used to vocal signals; strengthening muscles in preparation for backing
3. Backing/breaking in (saddle or harness)
4. Training for specific discipline
39
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
GAITS
The horse has four natural gaits –
1. walk,
2. trot,
3. canter,
4. gallop.
1. Walk: 4 beat gait
~6.4km/hr
LH, LF, RH, RF
2. Trot: 2 beat gait
~13km/hr
Diagonal pairs move synchronously & in unison
- Variations of trot:
a. Piaff (trotting ‘on the spot’)
b. Passage
(exaggerated trot with slow
motion)
3. Canter: Controlled, 3 beat gait
~16-27km/hr (depending on length of stride)
- Variation:
a. Lope. Slow canter seen in Western riding.
4. Gallop: 4 beat gait
LH, RH, LF, RF followed by a period of suspension
5. Other gaits
a. Jump: Can be learned or taught
b. Pace: Lateral two beat gait
(2 legs on same side move simultaneously)
Inherited recessively
Faster than trot
40
Topic 6 – The role of training and racing in horse breeding. Judging of
conformation, the gaits
GAITED HORSES
Gaited horses:
- Possess ambling/specialized gaits
- All specialized gaits are faster than a walk but usually slower than a canter
- May be inheritable/able to be taught with minimal training
1• Missouri FOXTROTTER
o FOX TROT ! 4 beat diagonal gait
2• Peruvian PASO/Paso Fino
o PASO ! smooth, intermediate ambling gaits
3• Five-Gaited American SADDLE BRED
o RACK/racking ! Fast, ground-covering 4 beat
gait. Horse ‘snaps’ hocks & knees up quickly
4• TENESSE WALKING Horse
o RUNNING WALK ! 4 beat lateral gait
5• ICELANDIC horse
o TØLT/”FLYING PACE”
41
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
TYPES OF HORSERACING
Types of horse racing:
1• UNDER SADDLE
o Federation Equestre International (FEI)
– Governs international racing
a▪ THOROUGHBRED horse racing
(most popular world wide)
• Flat racing
• Steeplechasing
```
b▪ American QUARTER HORSE racing
• Races over ~¼ mile
- Arabian,
- Akhal-Teke,
- Appaloosa,
- American Paint Horses & other light breeds
```
c▪ Endurance riding
• Arabian horse dominates at top levels
• Racing over 20-100 miles
d▪ Ride & tie
• 2 people alternately ride one horse & run
• Popular in North America
2. IN HARNESS
a o Harness racing (driving)
▪ Trotting – Trotters race with a sulky
▪ Horses generally trot or pace
42
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
RIDING SPORTS/COMPETITION
Recognized worldwide (FEI)& form part of the equestrian events at the Olympics
1• Show jumping
2• Dressage
- ‘Haute ecole’ – Advanced component of classical dressage
3• Cross country
4• Eventing
- Combined training, horse trials, three day eventing etc.
- Combined competition involving:
show jumping, dressage & cross country
5• Other events !
- Combined driving,
- reining,
- equestrian vaulting,
- endurance riding,
- Paralympics
43
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
HORSESHOWS
• Held throughout the world with a variety of events, equipment, attire & judging standards
1. Equitation (‘Seat & hands’, horsemanship)
▪ Rider is judged on form, style & ability/handling
```
2. Pleasure, flat, under saddle
▪ Horses are ridden on the flat & judged on:
- manners,
- performance,
- movement,
- style & quality
```
3. Halter, in-hand, conformation
▪ Horse is judged by:
- conformation and/or breeding ability
4. Jump classes
▪ Show jumping, show hunter
44
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
HARNESS SPORTS
1• COMBINED competitive driving:
- Arena-based ‘dressage’ class ! => Control & precision
- Cross-country ‘marathon’ => ! emphasizes fitness & endurance
- ‘Stadium’/’cones’ ! => Obstacle course
2• DRAFT HORSE showing – Most draft breeds are shown either in hand or harness
3• PLEASSURE driving – Using a light cart at walk & trot. Emphasis on manners
4• Fine harness/’FORMAL’ driving – 4 wheeled cart. Horse judged on a flashy action & dramatic performance
5• ROADSTER – Similar to racing (with a sulky), but focus is placed on manners & performance rather than time/speed
6• CARRIAGE driving – Judged on turnout
45
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
ENGLISH RIDING SPORTS
1• Classical Olympic events (dressage, SJ, XC)
2• Hunter classes
o May be shown on flat or over jumps
3• Saddleseat
o American discipline
o Showing of high-stepping & gaited breeds such as Saddlebred, Tennessee Walker etc.
a▪ PARK division – Horses with highest (most exaggerated) action
b▪ PLEASSURE division – Manners rank over animation
c▪ Plantation/COUNTRY division
– Least animation, greatest emphasis on manners
46
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
WESTERN RIDING
• Rodeo
1. TIME EVENTS
▪ Barrel racing
▪ Pole bending
▪ Steer wrestling/’bulldogging’ ! Rider jumps of horse onto a steer & wrestles it to the ground by its horns
▪ Goat tying ! Teaches younger riders the basics of calf roping
```
2. ROPING
– Tasks are based on real-life requirements of working
cowboys
▪ Calf roping/tie-down roping
▪ Team roping (‘heading & heeling’)
• Men & women may compete together
• Two people work as a team to capture & restrain a
steer
▪ Breakaway roping
```
3. ‘ROUGH STOCK’ competition
▪ Bronc riding
47
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
OTHER EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES
* Arena sports (polo, Pato)
* Gymkhana/mouted games
* Vaulting
* Horseball
* Jousting
• Le trec
– 3 phases (trail riding, jumping, basic flatwork).
– Test’s horse-rider partnership!
* Competitive trail riding
* Competitive mounted engineering
* Fox hunting
* Hacking/pleasure riding
48
Topic 7 – Horse races (race horses), horse sports, riding, coach driving (sport
horses)
SUMMARY
1. TYPES OF HORSERACING
2. RIDING SPORTS/COMPETITION
3. HORSESHOWS
4. HARNESS SPORTS
5. ENGLISH RIDING SPORTS
6. WESTERN RIDING
7. OTHER EQUESTRIAN ACTIVITIES
49
Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses
RACEHORSES
Racehorses – Thoroughbreds
- Flat racing:
Usually retire earlier. Good stallions ! More value as stud animals.
- Jump racing: Fit horses may continue racing up to 12 years
1• Primary trait is SPEED at GALLOP
(basic thoroughbred selection),
- although has LOW heritability (h2=0.2-0.3) !
- No great correlation with sire performance &
offspring performance
o PROBLEM in that TBs often bred more for NAME/pedigree rather than ACTUAL ABILITY
* Time,
* cumulated prize,
* amount of money,
* handicap number etc are also considered as racehorse traits.
```
2• Secondary traits:
- Stamina,
- persistence in performance,
- early maturity.
• SEX is also important (colts)
```
TB BREEDING SEASON in northern hemisphere runs from FEBRUARY-JUNE/July
(TBs born in northern hemisphere are considered 1 year older on 1st Jan, in southern hemisphere they
are considered 1 year older on 1st Aug) !
- AIM is to ensure foals are born in the earliest
months of year to ensure as much time to mature before racing.
MUST USE LIVE COVER!
• AI would lead to further narrowing of gene pool
(one stallion could cover thousands of mares)
* Dramatic fall in covering fees (bad for stud farms)
* More difficult record keeping/pedigree documentation
Breeding stallion – May cover 4 mares per day
(7am, midday, 4pm, 8pm & midnight if absolutely necessary).
Must allow some flexibility for when mares are ovulating.
Mares
– Checked for inoculations (venereal diseases etc),
- tail bandaged,
- washed down,
- covered with leather cape
(to prevent being bitten by stallion) & back hooves booted (a kick in the knackers could put stallion out of action for ~10days)
50
Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses
TRAITS OF HARNESS RACING
• Trotting
- Ability (speed & trotting skill) in sulky or under saddle
- Cumulated prizes (h2=0.2-0.3)
- Average ~1 min 20 for 1000m
• Pacing
o Quicker than trot.
- Mainly American Pacer horses.
51
Topic 8 –Technology of race- and sport horse breeding. Genetic improvement
of race and sport horses
TRAITS OF SPORT HORSES
Traits of sport horses
(TBx are common, although depends on level & type of
competition)
* Bred for PERFORMANCE/ability, NOT necessarily APPERANCE/pedigree
* DRESSAGE:
- Movement,
- aesthetics,
- elegance,
- correctness of gaits,
- good learning capacity.
• SHOW JUMPERS:
- Precision riding with obstacles,
- jumping ability
• 3 day EVENT:
- Good combination of all skills from all disciplines (wellrounded ability)
• ENDURANCE:
- Stamina,
- ability over range of terrains.
• HUNTING:
- Ability to comprehend unpredictable routes,
- speed,
- agility,
- stamina,
- courage
• WESTERN:
- Starting,
- Stopping,
- Turning ability (agility)
GENERAL traits to look for !
- Conformation,
- temperament,
- ability (dep. on discipline),
- movement
52
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
SHORT
```
General characteristics of hot/warmblooded horses
Purebred Arabs
Shagya Arab
Barb
Anglo-Arab
Akhal-Teke
Tersk
Don/Russian Don
Kabardin
Karabair
Karabakh
Gidran
```
53
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
General characteristics of hot/warmblooded horses
• Narrow back with defined withers
```
• Fine skeleton
o Cannon girth 18-22cm
o Long legs
o Small, fine, hard hooves
o Height >150cm
```
* Long hindquarters (speed)
* 400-500kg
• Head
o Fine, concave, convex or straight profile
o Fine, thin ears with no feathering
* Large ground coverage
* Lively temper, quick & steady action
* ‘Poor doers’ ! Struggle to maintain weight; high feed demand
* Long lifespan (>15yrs)
```
Oriental horses:
- Arabian & Arab-influenced breeds !
- Hotblooded horses
- Famous ancient Arab stallions:
KUHAYLAN, SAKLAVY, Muniki
```
54
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
PURE BRED ARABS
• Reputation for intelligence, spirit & stamina
```
• Conformation:
o Distinctive HEAD shape
▪ Concave/dished profile
▪ Broad forehead
▪ Large EYES
▪ Large NOSTRILS
▪ Small MUZZLE
o High TAIL carriage
o Arched NECK with well-set windpipe
o Refined, clean throatlatch
o Long, level croup
o Deep, well angled HIP & laid-back SHOULDER
```
o Compact body (SHORT BACK) ! Capable of carrying heavy riders
o Dense, strong bone with sound feet & good HOOF walls
• One of OLDEST horse breeds
(archaeological evidence shows similar horses dating back 4500 years)
• Arabian horses have been used to improve other breeds !
- Speed,
- endurance & good bone.
- Almost ALL modern riding breeds contain some Arabian bloodlines.
• Close relationship btw. horses & ancient BEDOUIN people led to the development of a good natured, easily trainable & WILLING animal
55
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
SHAGYA ARAB
ANGLO-ARAB
GIDRAN
```
1. Shagya Arab
• From Hungarian Stud Babolna
• Similar to purebred Arabs but:
- taller,
- less-refined,
- bigger boned & with more pronounced WITHERS
```
2. Anglo-Arab
• TB x Arabian
o Min 12.5% Arab blood
3. Gidran
• Chestnut-coloured, Hungarian ‘Anglo-Arab’
56
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
BARB
• Moroccan horse
o ANCESTOR of SPANISH horses !
- Major role in development of Andalusian & Lusitano
• Imported to England ~16th century !
- Development of English Thoroughbred
* Influence of Barb is also apparent in many US breeds (Quarter Horse, Mustang, Appaloosa)
* Light riding horse with good stamina
```
• CONFORMATION:
o Powerful front end
o High WITHERS
o Short back
o Sloping, narrow croup
o Low TAIL carriage
o Hardy, with clean legs & small, round, sound hooves
o Good SPRINTER (influence in racing horses)
```
57
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
AKHAL-TEKE
• DESERT-type sport horse from Turkmenistan
• Metallic ‘bloom’ of COAT !
- Palominos, buckskins
```
• Conformation:
o Fine HEAD with straight/slightly CONVEX profile
o Long ears
o Almond shaped eyes
o Sparse mane & tail
o LONG, lightly muscled BACK
o Flat croup
o Long, upright neck
o Sloping shoulders
o Fine skin
o Tough but fine limbs
• Slim body & ribcage
```
• Influenced many breeds !
- TB,
- Trakehner,
- Russian breeds
58
Topic 9 – Arabian origin horse breeds and other Arabian blooded descendents
```
TERSK
DON/RUSSIAN DON
KABARDIN
KARABAIR
KARABAKH
```
1. Tersk
• Originates from northern CAUCASUS mountains in RUSSIA
• Arab x Orlov Trotter x Anglo-Arabs
(& small amounts of TB blood) !
Arabian look but LARGER than purebreds
2. Don/Russian Don
• COSSACK horse utilized initially as CAVALRY horse
3. Kabardin
• CAUCASUS mountain horse noted for endurance & ease to adapt to new surroundings
4. Karabair
• Ancient breed from UZBEKISTAN area
Karabakh
• Moutain-steppe racing & riding horse
• Noted for good TEMPERS & SPEED
• Hardy, strong, tough & sure-footed
59
Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses
THE ENGLISH RHOROUGHBRED
```
1. Founders of the modern thoroughbred
• Godolphin Arabian (Barb)
• Darley Arabian
• Byerly Turk
• Corwen Bay Barb
```
2. Thoroughbreds are USED mainly for racing, but also for other disciplines (SJ, dressage, polo, hunting etc.)
- Frequently used in crosses (ID x etc)
```
3. Prone to health complications !
= Bleeding from lungs,
= low fertility,
= flatfootedness
= Small hoof:body mass ratio (incr. risk of lameness),
= Abnormally small hearts
```
4. Colours:
- Bay,
- black,
- chestnut,
- grey
5. Conformation:
- Well-chiseled head,
- long neck,
- high withers,
- deep chest,
- lean body,
- long legs,
- good depth of hindquarters
60
Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses
TB-type breeds/TB-influenced breeds
TB-type breeds/TB-influenced breeds
• Trakehner
o Arab x TB
• Holstein
```
• Hanoverian
o Influenced by:
- TB,
- Trakhener &
- Holstein
```
```
o Good competition horses:
• Oldenburg
• Wurttemberd
• Wielkpolska
• Selle Francais (French Saddle Horse)
• Dutch warmblood
• Anglo-Arab
• American Saddlebred
• Budenny
```
```
Hungarian horse breeds (Halfbred – Improved by TB)
• GIDRAN
• Furioso-North Star
• NONIUSZ
• KISBER Halfbred
```
61
Topic 10 – The English Thoroughbred, the trotters and Thoroughbred
blooded sport horses
Trotters & Pacers
```
Trotters & Pacers
• Orlov trotter
• Russian trotter
• American standardbred
• French trotter
• Hungarian trotter
• Hackney
• Morgan
• Cleveland bay
```
62
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
In GENERAL
Spanish & Neopolitan horses !
- All-round saddle & harness warmbloods
```
Andalusian
Alter-real
Lusitano
Lipizzaner
Friesian
Knabstrup
```
63
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
American descendants of Spanish horses
American descendants of Spanish horses
1. Mustang – Wild, feral derivatives
2. Appaloosa
3. Quarter horse
4. American Paint/Pinto
5. Criollo
6. Peruvian Paso
7. Paso Fino
64
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
| ANDALUSIAN
Andalusian
• Spanish Riding School – Also known as
‘Purebred Spanish Horse’
• Athletic, noble
• One of oldest horse breeds
o One of two sub-breeds of the IBERIAN horse
(the other being Lusitano)
• Excelent in dressage !
Move with a high, elegant action
• Strongly-built, compact horses
o Lean, medium length head with CONVEX profile & large eyes
o Long, broad & sometimes cresty NECK
o Long sloping SHOULDER
o Clean legs with good bone & short, strong cannons
o Thick, long, flowing MANE & TAIL
* Reputation for proud but cooperative temperament
* Highly INTELLIGENT
• 80% are GREY
(only other recognized colours are bay, black & chestnut)
65
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
ALTER-REAL
LUSITANO
KNAPSTRUP
1. Alter-real
• PORTUGAL´s ANDALUSIAN
2. Lusitano
• PORTUGESE bullfighter influenced by BARB horses
• Can be any solid COLOUR
3. Knapstrup
• Leopard spotted
• Originates from DENMARK
66
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
LIPIZZANER
* Associated with SPANISH RIDING SCHOOL of VIENNA
* Founded in 16th century by Habsburg nobility, initially a BAROQUE horse for MILLITARY purposes
* Can be traced back to 6 stallions:
1. Pluto,
2. Conversano,
3. Neopolitano,
4. Favory,
5. Siglavy,
6. Maestoso,
7. Tulipan,
8. Incitato
• Compact & muscular with very powerful HINDQUARTERS
(enables them to perform difficult classic Dressage movements)
• Strong featured head with a CONVEX profile, set on a well-muscled arched neck
```
• Short cannons, good bone
• Well sloped shoulders
• Powerful & elastic GAITS
• Natural balance
• Easily trained & INTELLIGENT
• SLOW to MATURE (broken late) but LONG-LIVED
• Most horses are GREY
• “Airs above ground” – difficult dressage moves
1o Levade
2o Courbette
3o Capriole
4o Croupade
```
o Piaff, passage, pirouette, flying change etc.
67
Topic 11 – Spanish horses and Spanish blooded descendents
FRIESIAN
Fresian
• Powerfully muscled horse with elegant action
• Many ‘COLDBLODDED’ features !
- Teathering, thick mane & tail
* BLACK colour
* Powerful, high-stepping, eye catching horse
* Good all-rounders
68
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
General features of cold-blooded horses
* LARGE, STRONG, HEAVY (up to 1000kg)
* Hard, ‘rough’ skeleton
o Cannon girth 23-28cm
o Short legs
o Upright shoulders
o Hard, strong hooves
```
o HEIGTH >150cm
o Wide, Short HINDQUARTERS
o Broad back
o Low WITHERS
• Heavily muscled
• Thick coat, mane & tail with feathering on lower limbs
• Short action
• Quiet temperament
• Good-doers
• Relatively SHORT LIFESPAN (<15yrs)
```
```
Cold-blooded (heavy draught horses) !
Origin Usually of:
British,
French or
German
```
69
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
Breeds
1. Suffolk Punch
2. Shire
3. Clydesdale
• Similar to Shire
```
4• French draught horses
- Percheron,
- Comtois,
- Boulonnais,
- Breton,
Ardennais
```
5. Brabant
• Belgian cold blood
• Normally ‘sorrel’ coloured
6. • German cold-blooded horses
- Schelswig,
- Rhein-Westphalen,
- Schwarzwald
7. Ponies (& Small Horses)
70
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses
1. SUFFOLK PUNCH
• Old breed
• Chestnut
2. SHIRE
• >1000kg
• Powerful & muscular horse with strong loins, powerful hindquarters & dense bones
• TALLEST & HEAVIEST of all draft breeds
• Historically used as FARMING animals & CAVALRY horses
3. CLYDESDALE
• Similar to Shire
4. • FRENCH DRAUGHT horses
- PERCHERON,
- Comtois,
- Boulonnais,
- BRETON,
- ARDENAIS
- Brabant
5• BELGIAN cold blood
• Normally ‘SORELL’ coloured
6. • GERMAN cold-blooded horses
- Schelswig,
- RHEIN-WESTPHALEN
- Schwarzwald
71
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
Ponies (& Small Horses)
* Native pony breeds are generally cold-blooded
* A pony is any horse under 14hh
* Generally have thick coats, manes & tails with feathering on lower limbs
* High endurance
* Good-doers
* Mild temper
* Long lifespan
72
Topic 12 – Cold blooded (heavy draught) horses, ponies and small horses
PONY/SMALL HORSE BREEDS
1o SHETLAND
```
2o WELCH PONY (ARAB & BARB influence)
▪ Welsh mountain (sec A)
▪ Welsh pony (sec B)
▪ Cob-type (sec C)
▪ Welsh cob (sec D)
```
3o EXMOOR
4o DARTMOOR
5o CONNEMARA
6o FELL and DALES PONY
7o NEW FOREST
8o ICELANDIC horse !
- Gaited horse (Tolt)
9o CAMARGUE
10o NORWEGIAN FJORD
▪ Dun-coloured (HOMOZYGOUS)
11o HAFLINGER
▪ Always CHESTNUT!
12o KONIK
▪ TARPAN derivative of POLAN
13o CURLY horse/Bashkir curlies
▪ Come in all shapes & sizes but carry gene for curly coat of
hair
▪ Acclaimed to be only HYPOALLERGENIC horse breed
14o MINATURE horses
▪ FALABELLA
73
Topic 13 – Dog and cat domestication, micro-evolutionary consequences,
relatives and interspecies hybrids
Dog
• Wolf: Domesticated 12,000BC (or earlier).
1st animal domesticated.
• Long evolutionary process ! Extinct types/breeds, new breeds yet to be distinguished
• Many consequences of domestication !
Nr of breeds, inbreeding, changes in temperament (i.e. considering humans as ‘pack leader’), appearance etc.
• Huge no of dog breeds ! Selective breeding & natural adaptation to various habitats
• Extreme DIVERSITY between breeds
1o Size & body mass (1-100kg)
▪ Toy, small, medium, large breeds
2o Coat colours & quality
▪ Short-, long-, wire- haired, smooth/curled coat etc.
3o Appearance & conformation
▪ Head shape ! Long, brachycephalic, round-headed, squareheaded etc.
▪ Ear shape & length ! Erect, lopped, cropped (illegal)
▪ Tail length & shape (e.g. curled in pugs)
4o Temperament, senses, instinct
5o Relationship with humans (companionship, some breeds are better suited to certain lifestyles)
74
Topic 13 – Dog and cat domestication, micro-evolutionary consequences,
relatives and interspecies hybrids
Cat
* Domesticated in ancient Egypt 3-5,000BC
* Considered as sacred animals & worshipped
* By middle ages, cats were considered as a symbol of the DEVIL but regained appeal after bubonic plague (killing rats)
* Most breed development occurred during the 19th-20th century. Beginning of cat shows, exhibitions, breeding organization etc
• Biodiversity of cats due to domestication is small
o Only real variation in hair quality/length & colour
o Conformation & appearance is relatively similary between all breeds
▪ Largest cat = Maine Coon
▪ Head shape, eyes, ears & tail (e.g. Manx, bob-tails) show some variation
• Common BEHAVIOUR traits ! Territorial, scent marking, napping/sleeping, hunting etc.
75
Topic 14 – Basics of canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging,
breeding methods)
Breed standards:
Idealised & general description of breed characteristics
Specifies height & weight of dog, body proportions,
colouration, conformation etc.
Also lists typical faults & defects
Changes with time
Registration: Lists accurate pedigree, breeding data of offspring & ancestry (4 parental generations)
Individual identification
(congenital markings, microchips, tattoos etc)
Stud books
Kennel: Where purebred dogs are kept & bred
Kennel Club/Breeding Associations: Lists breed standards
Judging rules etc:
1. Breeding goal
• Varies with breed/type/purpose ! Working dogs, companion animals, show dogs etc.
2. Breeding traits
• Vary depending on breeding goal
o Aesthetics (appearance, conformation), intelligence, performance
(racing dogs), fertility, litter size, temperament
3. Breeding value & estimation
• Uncommon in dogs
76
Topic 14 – Basics of canine breeding (goals, use, conformation and judging,
breeding methods)
Breeding methods
Purebreeding
• Inbreeding
o Breeding of related individuals within 4 generations
o Increases homozygosis
o Decreases heterozygosis
o Character fixation
o May predispose animals to certain defects/medical conditions
o Can be measured by inbreeding coefficient (F)
▪ Grandparents, half-siblings =12.5%
▪ Parents & children, full sibs = 25%
o Inbreeding depression may occur
▪ Decreased fertility & repro problems
▪ Decreased fitness, viability & resistance
▪ Genetic anomalies & diseases
▪ Inbreeding is often used as test-mating to reveal genetic
abnormalities
1• Line breeding
o Breeding of related dogs (usually repeated back crossings of sires on
their offspring)
o Preservation & fixation of desired characteristics
o Prerequisites:
▪ Healthy males as line founders
▪ Healthy sires free of genetic defects
o Results in father-offspring resemblance
2• Outcrossing
o Necessary for genetic refreshment
o Individuals of same breed are crossed without inbreeding to introduce new genetic material
Like to like mating
• Breeding pair is of similar phenotypes but different geneotypes
• No increase in homozygosity ! poor fixation & heterozygosis
• Possible improvement in quantitative traits
Unlike to unlike mating
• Different geno & phenotypes
• Increased genetic instability
Important rules of dog breeding
• Phenotype resemblance ! prefer like to like mating
• Phenotype differences ! unlike to unlike mating
• Try to avoid common faults/defects
o Min parental generation must be free of defects
* Fertile sire needed
* Prepotency (ability to pass traits onto offspring) is desired
77
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
>500 dog breeds
Classification of dogs
1• Based on type & CONFORMATION
o Wolf, molosser & greyhound types
```
2• SIZE (height @ withers)
o Large >62cm
o Medium 42-62cm
o Small 25-41cm
o Dwarf/minature <25cm
```
3• COAT characteristics
o Smooth, rough, curly, wierehaird, long haired etc.
4• ABNORMALITIES/breed character
o Tail-torsion: Bulldog, pug, bobtail
o Chondrodysplasia: Basset hound, Dachshund, Welsh Corgi
o Alopecia: Mexican hairless, Chinese Crested Dog
o Brachycephaly: Pug, Mastiff, Boxer, Bulldog
o Dwarfism: Chihauha, Yorkshire Terrier
o Polydactyly: Briard dogs
5• USE
```
o PRIMITIVE breeds/spitz breeds
o COMPANION dogs & toys
o HUNTING dogs
▪ General
▪ Gun dogs
▪ Scenthounds
▪ Windhounds (racing, coursing hounds)
▪ Dachshunds
▪ Terriers
o Livestock HERDING dogs (Drover’s dogs)
o Livestock GUARDING dogs
o Mastiffs & WORKING BULL BREEDS
o FIGHTINGdogs
```
FCI – Federation Cynologique internationale
• Breeds standards organization
• Groups dogs into 10 categories based on country of origin, breed formation,
characteristics etc.
78
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 1
Group 1 – Pastoral; Sheepdogs & Cattle dogs
```
• Australian shepherd dog (USA)
• Beauceron (France)
• Belgian shepherd dogs
o Laekenois
o Malinois
o Tervueren
• Bergamasco (Italy)
• Briard (France)
• Bouvier de Flanders (Belgium)
• Bearded collie (GB)
• Rough collie (GB)
• Border collie (GB)
• German shepherd
• Komondor (Hungary)
• Kuvasz (Hungary)
• Maremma sheepdog (Italy)
• Old English sheepdog (GB)
• Polish Lowland sheepdog
• Puli (Hungary)
• Schipperke (Belgium)
• Shetland sheepdog (GB)
• Welsh corgi cardigan/Pembroke (GB)
```
79
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 2
Group 2 –
Pinschers, Shcnauzers, Mastiffs & Swiss Mountain & Cattle Dogs
* Affenpinscher (Germany)
* Bernese mountain dog
* Boxer
* Bulldog
* Bullmastiff
* Dobermann Pinscher
* Dogue de Bordeaux
* German Pinscher
* Great Dane
* Hovawart
* Landseer
* Mastiffs
* Neopolitan mastiff
* Newfoundland
* Rottweiler
* Schnauzer
* Shar pei
* St Bernard
80
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 3
Group 3 - Terriers
* Airedale
* Australian terrier
* Bedlington terrier
* Bull terrier
* Cairn terrier
* English toy terrier
* Fox terrier
* Irish terrier
* Jack russel
* Lakeland terrier
* Manchester terrier
* Norfolk terrier
* Russian black terrier
* Scottish terrier
* Skye terrier
* Staffordshire bull terrier
* West highland white terrier
* Yorkshire terrier
81
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 4
Group 4 – Dachshunds
| • Miniature & standard
82
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 5
```
Group 5 – Primitive type dogs & Spitz breeds
• Akita
• Basejni
• Chow chow
• Eurasier
• Finnish Lapphund
• German spitz
• Japanese spitz
• Mexican hairless dog
• Norwegian buhund
• Pomeranian
• Samoyed
• Siberian huskey
```
83
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 6
```
Group 6 – Scenthounds
• Basset hound
• Beagle
• Bloodhound
• Dalmation
• Grand bleu de Gascogne
• Hamiltonstovare
• Harrier
• Kerry beagle
• Otter hound
• Rhodeisan ridgeback
```
84
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 7
```
Group 7 – Pointers & setters
• Brittany
• Munsterlander
• English setter
• Irish setter
```
• Pointer
o English & German
* Viszla
* Weimeraner
85
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 8
Group 8 – Retrievers, Water dogs, flushing dogs
• Golden retriever
• Labrador retriever
• Spaniel breeds (springer, cocker)
86
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 9
```
Group 9 – Companions & toys
• Bichon fries
• Bolognese
• Boston terrier
• Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
• Chihuahua
• Chinese crested dog
• French bulldog
• Lhasa apso
• Papillon
• Pekinese
• Poodle
• Pug
• Shih Tzu
```
87
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Group 10
```
Group 10 – Sight hounds, windhounds
• Afghan hounds
• Borzoi
• Deerhound
• Greyhound
• Irish wolfhound
• Italian greyhound
• Whipped
```
88
Topic 15 – Dog breeds, breed groups
Breed Groups
American Kennel Club (AKC)
American Kennel Club (AKC) separates breeds loosely on use
1• Herding dogs
o Collie, corgi, sheepdog etc
2• Working dogs
3• Sporting dogs
o Breeds used for shooting/hunting
4• Non-sporting dogs
o Varied collection of dogs with no specific purpose
5• Hounds
o Beagles, bloodhounds, dachshunds
6• Terriers
7• Toy dogs
8• Miscellaneous
89
Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features
1. Reproductive cycle of the bitch
1. Reproductive cycle of the bitch
• Seasonally mono-/dioestrus
```
• Long breeding cycle (4-11 months) with 4 phases
o Proestrus,
o Oestrus,
o Metoestrus/dioestrus (luteal phase),
o Anoestrus
▪ Long luteal phase (~60 days)
▪ Long anoestrus
```
• Vaginal bleeding during heat
• Variable length of sexual reproductivity
• Preovulatory progesterone secretion
(elevated levels can be detected prior to ovulation)
• Spontaneous ovulation
• Pseudopregnancy & lactatio falsa occurs frequently in some breeds
• Fertilization occurs 3-4 days after ovulation
• Embryo ! uterus 8 days after ovulation
• Implantation occurs ~17-18days
• Gestation period 60-65 days
(relatively short with rapid embryonic & foetal development)
90
Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features
| 2. Heat detection
* Symptoms, behaviour, acceptance
* Vaginal cytology
* Vaginoscopy
* Progesterone/LH measurements
* Vaginoscopy, cytology (keratinisation)
91
Topic 16 – Canine reproduction features
| 3. Common reproductive disorders
* Vaginal prolapse
* Vestibular hyperplasia during heat
* Cytic hyperplasia of endometrium in prolonged heat
* Pyometra (common in final phase of most reproductive disorders)
92
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
| SHORT
1. Immunodeficiencies
2. Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
3. Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
4. Muscular
5. Skeletal
6. Cranial disorders
7. Eye diseases
8. Kidney Dysplasia
9. Reproductive disorder
10. Endocrine
11. Skin & hair
12. MDR1 Multidrug sensitivity
93
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
| 1. Immunodeficiencies
Immunodeficiencies:
1• CLAD (canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency)
o β-2-integrin gene mutation in IRISH SETTER
2• SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
o Agammaglobulinaemia in BASSET HOUND & WELSH CORGI
3• Membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis I
o Complement-3 mutation
4• Grey-Collie syndrome
o Cyclic haematopoesis & neutropaenia
94
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
2.Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
Circulatory/haemostatic disorders
1• Methaemaglobinaemia
o Methaemaglobin reductase
2• Haemophilia A & B
o Coagulation factors VIII & IX
3• Haemolytic anaemia
a- o Pyruvate kinase
▪ WHWT, Basenji, Abyssinian & Somali cats
b- o Phosphofructokinase deficiency in RBC
▪ English Springer Spaniel
4• Von-Willebrand
o Pseudohaemophilia
▪ Dobermann, Poodle, Scottish Terrier, Sheltie (>50 breeds)
95
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
3. Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
Metabolic diseases (lysosomal storage diseases)
• Ceroid-lipofuscinosis (BORDER COLLIE)
• Fucosidosis (English springer spaniel)
• Gangliosidosis
• Mucopolysaccharidosis (german shepherd)
• Cystinuria (NEWFOUNDLAND)
• Copper toxicosis (BEDLINGTON terrier)
96
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
4. Muscular
Muscular
1• Spinal muscular atrophy, SMA
2• Muscular dystrophy
o Dystrophin gene mutation in RETRIVERS
3• Myasthenia gravis (cats)
4• Malignant hyperthermia syndrome, MHS (greyhounds
5• Tremor
o Hypomyelinogenesis, myoclonia, PLP-gene mutation,
proteolipidprotein deficiency (Labrador)
6• Myatonia congenital (miniature schnauzer)
7• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (Main coon cats)
97
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
5. Skeletal
Skeletal
1• Chondroplasia, hypochondroplasia, achondroplasia
o Basset hound, Dachshund ! Breed characteristic
2• Dwarfism
3• Legg-calve-perthes disease (hip necrosis)
4• Wobbler syndrome (ataxia, cervical spondilopathia)
5• Manx factor of cats (Manx cats & bobtails)
98
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
| 6. Cranial disorders
Cranial disorders
1• Cerebellar degeneration & hypoplasia in cats
2• Epilepsy
3• Narcolepsy (Doberman)
4• Deafness ! In blue eye white dogs & cats
99
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
| 7. Eye diseases
Eye diseases
1• Cataracts
2• Progressive renal atrophy, dystrophy & degeneration (PRA – Retina dysplasia)
3• Congenital stationary night blindness, CSNB (Briard)
100
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
8. Kidney Dysplasia
Kidney Dysplasia
1• Renal dysplasia, RL
2• Nephritis
3• Polycystic kidney disease (Persian cats)
101
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
9. Reproductive disorder
Reproductive disorder
1• XX males
2• Tfm-syndrome (testicular feminisation)
3• Sterility (Kartgener syndrome, ciliary diseases)
102
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
10. Endocrine
Endocrine
| • Hypothyroidism
103
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
11. Skin & hair
```
Skin & hair
1• Albinism
2• Dermatosparaxis (cutaneous asthenia)
3• Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
4• Hypotrichosis (alopecia ! breed characteristic in Mexican & Peruvian dogs & Sphynx cats)
```
104
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
12. MDR1
MDR1 Multidrug sensitivity
• Extreme sensitivity, neural sensitivity & even death after administration of
some drugs
105
Topic 17 – Most important canine genetic diseases
Diagnosis of genetic diseases
1• Pedigree analysis
2• Test mating (for carrier diagonosis)
3• Phenotype screening
4• Lab diagnosis ! Biochem, metabolites, enzymes, haematology
5• Clinical ! X-rays, endoscopy, kidney clearance, ophthalmology, cardiology
6• Chromosome (karotype)
7• Molecular genetics (DNA)
o Available for approximately 20-25 canine disorders & 5 feline diseases
o May be direct gene (allele-specific) marker or linked indirect marker diagnosis
(DNA linkage test by microsatellites)
106
Topic 18 – Basics of feline breeding
(goals, use, breeds, breeding methods)
Shorthair cats
Moggy: Domestic cat, non-pedigree
Cattery: Where cats are kept & bred
Pedigree: Line of descent of purebred cats
```
Shorthair cats
• British shorthair
• Colourpoint-british shorthair
• Exotic shorthair
• Oriental shorthair
• Havana
• American shorhair
• European shorthair
• Chartreux
• Manx
• Russian blue
• Japanese bobtail
• Snowshoe
• Siamese
• Burmese
• Burmilla
• Tonkinese
• Egyptian Mau
• Anyssinian
• Sphinx
• Bengal
```
107
Topic 18 – Basics of feline breeding
(goals, use, breeds, breeding methods)
Longhair cats
Moggy: Domestic cat, non-pedigree
Cattery: Where cats are kept & bred
Pedigree: Line of descent of purebred cats
```
Longhaired cats
• Persian
• Colourpoint longhair
• Turkish angora
• Maine coon
• Norwegian forest cat
• Rag doll
• Birman
• Balinese
• Somali
• Tiffany
• Cymric
```
108
Topic 19 – Feline reproduction features
1. Puberty:
- Female = 9 (6-12) months
- Male = 12 (10-14) months
2. Sexual activity:
- Synchronous (seasonal)
- Polyoestrus or
- Continuous under artificial ILLUMINATION !
= Dependent of PHOTOPERIOD
3. Breeding season: Jan-July
4. Alternate ovulatory cycle:
- Anovulatory (14 days)
- Ovulatory (35 days)
Ovulation is mainly INDUCED.
5. No of copulations may increase OVULATION rate & LITTER sizes
6. Gestation = 63 (58-71) days
7. PD = Palpation/sonography
8. Litter size = 3-9 on average
9. Lactation period: 50 days
109
Topic 20 – Most important feline genetic diseases
1• Polycystic kidney disease (Persian cats)
2• Hypotrichosis
(alopecia ! breed characteristic in Mexican & Peruvian
dogs & Sphynx cats)
3• Deafness ! In blue eye white dogs & cats
4• Cerebellar degeneration & hypoplasia in cats
5• Manx factor of cats (Manx cats & bobtails)
6• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, HCM (Main coon cats)
7• Myasthenia gravis (cats)
8• Haemolytic anaemia
o Pyruvate kinase
▪ Abyssinian & Somali cats
