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NSU AA Denver: Summer 2025 (2nd Semester) > I&M I: Lecture 1 - Anesthesia Workstation > Flashcards

I&M I: Lecture 1 - Anesthesia Workstation Flashcards

Instrumentation & Monitoring I:

1
Q

What is an open circuit with a breathing machine?

A

Anesthetic on a piece of cloth and held under the nose, depth of anesthesia controlled by amount of anesthetic on cloth.

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2
Q

What is the Mapleson circuit on the breathing machine?

A

Semi-open circuit.

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3
Q

What is the circle system on the breathing machine?

A

Semi-closed circuit, most common in USA ORs.

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4
Q

What is the closed system on the breathing machine?

A

Circle system that is closed, adjusted so the inflow of fresh gas exactly equals the patient’s oxygen consumption and anesthetic agent uptake.

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5
Q

What is the rank of the Mapleson circuits in order of efficiency for controlled ventilation?

A

Controlled: D > B > C > A (mnemonic: Dog Bites Can Ache),

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6
Q

What is the rank of the Mapleson circuits in order of efficiency for spontaneous ventilation?

A

Spontaneous: A > D > C > B (mnemonic: All Dogs Can Bite)

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7
Q

What were early anesthesia delivery methods?

A

Rags soaked in ether, Morton’s ether inhaler.

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8
Q

What was the 2nd development of Anesthesia Machines?

A

Nitrous and O2 valve regulators.

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9
Q

What are examples of modern anesthesia machine manufacturers?

A

GE Datex Ohmeda, North American Dräger.

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10
Q

What are the basic functions of the anesthesia machine?

A
  • Deliver oxygen
  • Remove CO₂
  • Deliver anesthetic gases
  • Provide ventilation
  • Scavenge anesthetic waste
  • Monitor breathing physiology of the patient
  • Safety alarms.
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11
Q

What are the two main systems in anesthesia machines?

A

Electrical, pneumatic.

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12
Q

What are the Electrical Systems in anesthesia machines?

A
  • Master switch
  • Power failure indication
  • Reserve power/battery
  • Electrical outlets
  • Data communication ports.
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13
Q

What indicates power failure in an anesthesia machine?

A

Power failure alarm or light.

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14
Q

What is the function of reserve battery power in anesthesia machines?

A

Maintains function temporarily during power loss.

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15
Q

What do data ports in anesthesia machines do?

A

Enable electronic data transfer to EMR or monitors.

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16
Q

What are the three pressure systems in the anesthesia machine?

A
  • High pressure (Cylinders)
  • Intermediate pressure (Pipeline 50-55 psi)
  • Low pressure systems (vaporizers).
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17
Q

What is the general pressure in the high-pressure system?

A

Up to 2200 psi (from gas cylinders).

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18
Q

What are the colors for air, O2, and N2O in the USA?

A
  • Air = Yellow
  • O2 = Green
  • N2O = Blue.
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19
Q

What are the colors for air, O2, and N2O internationally?

A
  • Air = white/black
  • O2 = white
  • N2O = blue.
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20
Q

What components are part of the high-pressure system?

A
  • Hanger yoke
  • Check valves
  • Cylinder pressure gauge
  • First-stage regulator.
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21
Q

What does the PISS system do?

A

Prevents attachment of incorrect gas cylinder by aligning pins to specific gas.

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22
Q

What is the function of the first-stage regulator on cylinders?

A

Reduces cylinder pressure to ~45 psi for downstream use.

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23
Q

If an E cylinder reads 950 psi and O2 is flowing at 2 L/min, how long will it last?

A

Approximately 165 minutes or 2.75 hours.

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24
Q

What is the formula for calculating remaining time in an O2 E cylinder?

A

(Time) = (Pressure in psi/1900 * 660) ÷ Flow rate in L/min.

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25
What do Check Valves do in the High Pressure System?
* Prevent gas leaks while exchanging cylinders * Prevents gas transfer between cylinders * May leak if hanger-yoke is empty.
26
What is the source of gas in the intermediate pressure system?
Pipeline gas or regulated cylinder pressure.
27
What pressure does the intermediate system typically maintain?
About 50–55 psi.
28
If the master switch is OFF, what is the Intermediate Pressure System pressure?
Pressure is 0.
29
What does the DISS system prevent?
Connection of wrong gas to wrong pipeline inlet.
30
What is the O2 failure safety device?
Stops or reduces N₂O delivery if O2 pressure drops.
31
What does the Second Stage Pressure Regulator reduce pressures to?
* O2 = 50-55 down to 12-19 * N2O: 50 down to 26 PSI.
32
What does the O2 flush valve do?
Delivers 35–75 L/min O2 directly to the patient circuit.
33
What components make up the low-pressure system?
* Flowmeters * Vaporizers * Fresh gas outlet * Check valve * Relief valve.
34
What kind of pressure exists in the low-pressure system?
Variable but slightly higher than atmospheric pressure.
35
What are common flow indicator types?
* Non-rotating floats * Rotating bobbins * Balls.
36
Where do you measure a float or bobbin from?
The top of it.
37
What color coding is used for gas flowmeters?
* O2: green (knob is fluted, larger, extends further than other gas knobs) * Air: yellow * N₂O: blue.
38
What are the safety features to prevent hypoxic mixtures?
* Mandatory minimum O2 flow * O2 ratio controller * Flowmeter linkage * Oxygen is downstream.
39
How do mechanical and electronic linkages prevent hypoxia?
They ensure O2 is delivered in proportion to other gases.
40
What is vapor pressure?
The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature. Molecules of liquid break away from the surface and enter the above space. Dependent on liquid agent and temperature
41
How do you calculate maximum agent concentration?
Divide saturated vapor pressure (SVP) by barometric pressure.
42
What is a boiling point?
Point where saturated vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure.
43
What is the SVP of common anesthetics at sea level (760 mmHg)?
* Desflurane: 6% = 46 mmHg * Sevoflurane: 2.1% = 16 mmHg * Isoflurane: 1.15% = 8.7 mmHg.
44
What is the formula for Maximum Agent Concentration?
MAC = SVP/Barometric Pressure.
45
What is SVP formula at Denver?
SVP = MAC x 630 mmHg.
46
What is partial pressure?
Total pressure = constituent gases partial pressures; temperature dependent
47
What is volumes percent?
Concentration of a gas expressed as % of total volume; Partial Pressure/ Total Pressure = volumes percent
48
What is Heat of Vaporization?
Calories needed to convert 1g or 1ml of liquid into vapor.
49
What is specific heat?
Quantity of heat required to raise temp of 1g or 1ml of the substance by 1 degree C.
50
What is thermal conductivity?
Speed at which heat flows through a substance; Materials with high thermal conductivity are important in vaporizer construction
51
What is the primary function of a vaporizer?
To convert liquid anesthetic into a precise concentration vapor for delivery.
52
What are the major types of vaporizers?
* Measured flow (e.g., Copper Kettle) * Variable bypass (e.g., Tec 4, 5, 7) * Dual-circuit (e.g., Tec 6) * Concentration-calibrated vaporizer.
53
What is a flow vaporizer?
Add vapor directly to the FGF.
54
What is a concentration-calibrated vaporizer?
Between flowmeters and common gas outlet; output controlled by one knob or dial calibrated in volumes percent.
55
What is a variable bypass vaporizer?
Splits gas flow through vaporizing chamber and a bypass to achieve desired concentration.
56
How do you determine the Splitting Ratio of a Vaporizer?
Splitting ratio= bypass gas : gas going to vaporizing chamber.
57
What is an electronic vaporizer?
Calculates carrier gas flow necessary to produce desired agent concentration.
58
What are modern vaporizers?
Flow-over design, agent-specific, and compensate for temperature.
59
What anesthetic is Tec 6 vaporizer specific to?
Desflurane. (Dual Circuit Gas Vapor Blenders)
60
How does Tec 6 work?
Uses heat and pressure to vaporize Desflurane and injects it into the gas stream. Located outside of circuit, reducing risk of overdose with O2 flush use
61
What temperature is maintained in Tec 6?
39°C (above boiling point of Desflurane).
62
What is a measured flow vaporizer?
A vaporizer where carrier gas is manually metered through the liquid agent. Out of Circuit. Manual temperature control
63
What is a common example of a measured flow vaporizer?
The Copper Kettle.
64
How do variable bypass vaporizers work?
Splits carrier gas into two streams: one bypasses the vaporizer, the other goes through the anesthetic agent. Out of Circuit.
65
How is concentration calibrated on Variable Bypass Vaporizers?
Dial affects resistance (splitting ratio), creating desired concentration; Agent specific calibration
66
How does a Variable Bypass Vaporizer do its job?
Flow over (gas flows over liquid agent). Single gas flow source
67
What is the temperature Regulation of a Variable Bypass Vaporizer?
Automatic; Bimetallic strip affects splitting ratio.
68
What are examples of variable bypass vaporizers?
* Tec 4 * Tec 5 * Tec 7.
69
What is the interlock safety system?
Prevents more than one vaporizer from being turned on simultaneously.
70
Why are agent-specific fillers important?
They prevent cross-contamination and misfilling with the wrong agent.
71
Why is it important to monitor liquid levels in vaporizers?
Low levels can lead to inaccurate delivery; overfilling can cause leaks or overdose.
72
What are common vaporizer hazards?
* Incorrect installation * Pumping effect * Overfilled * Tipping * Leaks * Malfunction * Incorrect agent use.
73
What is the pumping effect in vaporizers?
Fluctuations in pressure can cause inconsistent vapor delivery.
74
What is the pressurizing effect?
Increased circuit pressure can alter gas concentration output.
75
What happens if carrier gas is changed inappropriately?
Vapor output may become unpredictable due to altered flow dynamics.
76
What are some possible inadvertent output decreases?
* Leak * Incorrect agent * Vaporizer failure/indicator malfunction * Pressurizing effect * Gas carrier change * Low agent. * Extremely low flows * Extremely high flows
77
What is the Interlock Safety System?
Prevents you from giving various gases at one time.

NSU AA Denver: Summer 2025 (2nd Semester) (15 decks)

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