I United States History

Question 1

Explain:

European colonization objectives during the Age of Exploration

Answer 1

• Expanded trade routes to Asia.
• Conquered new lands to expand their power.
• Spread Christianity.

Question 2

Explain:

Importance of Bering Land Bridge theory

Answer 2

• During the last Ice Age, lower water levels created a frozen bridge of land called Beringia.
• Land bridge connected present-day Siberia and Alaska, enabling the migration of people and animals.
• Without the bridge, it would have been challenging for humans to arrive in the Americas.

The Beringia land bridge is now modern day Bering Strait.

Question 3

Describe:

3 impacts of European colonization

Answer 3

1. Expanded trade through the Columbian Exchange
2. Led to European colonizers murdering thousands of Native Americans to gain their land and spread their religion.
3. Spread of diseases.

Question 4

Explain:

How did the dynamics between European colonizers and Native Americans shape the course of early American history?

Answer 4

• Relationships varied from cooperative trade alliances (e.g., French in Canada) to aggressive conquest and exploitation (e.g., Spanish in Central and South America)
• Colonization led to significant displacement, population decline, and cultural disruption for Native Americans due to violence, disease, and land loss, profoundly altering the demographic and social landscapes.

Disease wiped out 95% of the indigenous population in the Americas

Question 5

Describe:

How religion impacted European colonization.

Answer 5

• Spain and Portugal brought Catholicism to the Americas and set up missions to evangelize the people there.
• Indigenous people were forced to convert to avoid war and conflict.

Question 6

Describe:

How slavery played a role in European expansion.

Answer 6

• Labor for plantations and colonies.
• Drove economic growth.
• Facilitated the accumulation of wealth and resources in Europe.

Question 7

Explain:

Why was the Columbian Exchange significant in terms of transformation in Europe, Africa, and the Americas?

Answer 7

• Drastically altered ecosystems and agricultural practices worldwide through crops like potatoes, maize, and tomatoes.
• New diseases led to significant demographic decline.

Question 8

Explain:

How did the principles of mercantilism influence the economic policies and international relations of European nations during the Age of Exploration?

Answer 8

• Mercantilism led to the establishment of colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods, fostering a system where the colonies existed primarily for the benefit of the mother country.
• Nations formed alliances and engaged in wars to protect and expand their trading interests.

Question 9

Explain:

Why were early explorers focused on finding the Northwest Passage?

Answer 9

• A passage through the Arctic provided a much shorter route to the lucrative markets of Asia, particularly for spices, silks, and other valuable goods.
• Allowed Europeans to control a faster and potentially safer route to Asia than going around Cape Horn.

Question 10

Describe:

How was Sir Francis Drake influential in North American colonial development?

Answer 10

• Disrupted Spanish dominance.
• Explored and mapped.
• Boosted English morale and ambitions.

Successfuly raided on Spanish settlements and ships weakened Spanish control over their territories in the Americas.

Explored along the west coast of North America provided valuable information about the geography and potential resources of the region.

Captured of valuable Spanish treasure bolstered English confidence and ambition in overseas exploration and colonization.

Question 11

Explain:

How did Sir Walter Raleigh influence the establishment and motivations behind the founding of colonies in North America?

Answer 11

• New opportunities for wealth through the exploitation of natural resources and trade.
• Established the Roanoke Colony in present-day North Carolina.
• Strategic importance of colonies to challenge Spanish dominance.

Question 12

Explain:

Why was Sir Walter Raleigh focused on finding the mythical city of El Dorado?

Answer 12

• Raleigh sought to enhance his status, wealth, and influence.
• National prestige and rivalry with Spain.

Question 13

Explain:

Why was John Cabot a signficant historical figure in exploring the New World?

Answer 13

1. Led the first European expedition since the Vikings to land on the mainland of North America.
2. Voyages provided the basis for England’s claims to territories in North America.
3. Demonstrated the viability of a northern route across the Atlantic and encouraged further exploration and colonization efforts.

Question 14

Identify:

Why were the French colonies in North America not as successful as the English and Spanish?

Answer 14

• disease
• weather
• conflict with native peoples or other European powers

Question 15

Identify:

Importance of Jamestown.

(founded in 1607)

Answer 15

• Virginia colony’s first organized government.
• First permanent English colony in Americas.

Question 16

Explain:

What 3 strategies and policies did Jamestown implement to overcome its labor shortages?

Answer 16

• Adopted the system of indentured servitude, where individuals from England would sign contracts to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to the New World, food, and shelter.
• Created headright system which granted land to settlers for each person they brought to the colony.
• Brought in enslaved Africans in 1619.

Question 17

Explain:

What was the significance of the Virginia House of Burgesses in the development of democratic governance in colonial America, and how did it influence future legislative bodies?

Answer 17

• Established in 1619.
• Pioneered representative government in colonial America, setting a precedent for elected legislative assemblies.
• Promoted local autonomy, legislative practices, and civic participation, influencing the development of American democracy and fostering early resistance to British rule.

Question 18

Explain:

How did New France’s unique governance structure and economic activities shape its role in the broader context of colonial North America?

Answer 18

• Operated under centralized royal control through appointed officials (intendants), shaping its social and economic dynamics distinctively
• The colony’s reliance on fur trade and alliances with indigenous groups like the Huron and Algonquin influenced settlement patterns, cultural interactions, and its strategic importance in early North American colonization.

Question 19

Describe:

What were the key factors contributing to the rise and decline of New Netherland as a Dutch colonial entity in North America?

Answer 19

• Strategic location for trade, particularly in fur and other natural resources.
• Conflicts with neighboring English colonies weakened Dutch control.

Question 20

Explain:

How did New Sweden’s establishment and interactions with indigenous peoples and neighboring European colonies contribute to the broader colonial landscape of North America?

Answer 20

• Established trade relationships with local Native American tribes which facilitated economic growth and cultural exchange.
• Conflict with neighboring Dutch and English colonies over territorial claims and trade routes.

Question 21

Identify:

Why did the Pilgrims come to America?

Answer 21

Group of Protestant separatists in England wanted to escape religious persecution.

Question 22

Identify:

How did the Pilgrims come to America?

Answer 22

• On a cargo ship called the Mayflower in 1620.
• Planned on settling in the former Virginia colony, but bad storms pushed them north to present-day Massachusetts.

Question 23

Identify:

What was Plymouth colony known for?

Answer 23

• First self-governing colony in America.
• Created the Mayflower Compact to establish a set of governing rules.
• This was critical because it established the principle of self-governance, where the colonists would create their own laws and elect leaders to enforce them.

Question 24

Describe:

Historical significance of Thanksgiving.

Answer 24

Meal shared between Europeans and Native Americans in 1621 to honor the friendship between the 2 groups.

The Native American tribe helped give the Pilgrims supplies and showed them how to grow their own food and hunt to survive.

Question 25

# Identify: **The New England Colonies** and why they were established.

Answer 25

* **Massachusetts Bay Colony** - Founded by **Puritans** escaping religious persecution in England. They developed a **theocracy** where the government was ruled by religious leaders. * **Rhode Island and Connecticut** - Founded by **dissenters** of the Puritans because they were too strict like oppression of women and limited voting rights. * **New Hampshire** - Founded by overflow of colonists in MA and as a fishing and trading hub.

Question 26

# Identify: The Southern Colonies

Answer 26

* Virginia and the Carolinas * Maryland * Georgia ## Footnote **Virginia and the Carolinas** - Founded by the British Empire to make a profit for England. The Carolinas split because North focused on meat and provision production and South focused on using slaves to grow cash crops on plantations. **Maryland** - Founded by Catholics from England to pursue their religion freely. **Georgia** - Founded by poor people in England to get out of debt and start a new life.

Question 27

# Identify: The Middle Colonies

Answer 27

* New York * New Jersey * Pennsylvania * Delaware

Question 28

# Describe: Why were the **Middle Colonies** significant in terms of early colonial history?

Answer 28

* Notable for their diverse population and high degree of religious tolerance. * Known as the "breadbasket" colonies due to their fertile land and successful agriculture.

Question 29

# Explain: The **Headright System** in the Virginia Colony and its impact on the economy.

Answer 29

* Each colonist was given fifty acres of land to create a plantation. * Created a significant class divide between wealthy landowners and poor servants, leading to social issues that persisted for over 200 years.

Question 30

# Explain: Why was the **Maryland Toleration Act** of 1649 an important aspect of American history?

Answer 30

* One of the first laws to explicitly **guarantee religious freedom to all Christians**, allowing them to practice their faith without fear of persecution. * Set an **important precedent** for the inclusion of religious tolerance in American law.

Question 31

# Explain: What conditions in Massachusetts caused the **Salem Witch Trials** (1692) to happen?

Answer 31

* Combination of religious zeal, social tensions, political instability, and environmental hardships in Massachusetts. * Strict Puritan beliefs and fear of the devil. * The region had experienced harsh winters and outbreaks of disease, which many saw as signs of divine displeasure or supernatural influence. * Political uncertainty and threats from Native Americans heightened paranoia. * The use of spectral evidence and confessions under duress further fueled the hysteria, leading to widespread trials and executions.

Question 32

# Describe: How did the **First Great Awakening** contribute to the origins of the American Revolution?

Answer 32

* Encouraged people to **question authority** and rely on their personal beliefs, which later influenced how colonists viewed British rule. * **Brought colonists together** across different backgrounds and regions, fostering a shared identity and unity.

Question 33

# Describe: Why did Montesquieu believe a system of **checks and balances** would safeguard individual liberties?

Answer 33

* Prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. * Argued for the separation of powers into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. * Each branch would have the ability to check and limit the powers of the others, ensuring that no single entity could dominate or abuse its authority. * By distributing power in this way, Montesquieu believed that individual freedoms would be protected from tyranny and oppression.

Question 34

# Describe: How did **Enlightenment** ideals spread in the 13 colonies?

Answer 34

* **Books, pamphlets, and newspapers** containing Enlightenment ideas, such as John Locke's writings on natural rights and social contracts, were widely circulated among the colonists. * Enlightenment thought was also promoted in **colonial colleges**, such as Harvard and Yale, where students studied philosophy and political theory. * **Intellectual clubs and societies**, such as the American Philosophical Society, provided forums for discussion and debate, helping to disseminate Enlightenment ideas about reason, science, and government. * Influential **colonial leaders**, like **Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson**, played a key role in advocating these principles, which eventually shaped the colonies' push for independence and democratic governance.

Question 35

# Explain: How did the **French and Indian War** (1754–1763) alter the balance of power among European powers in North America?

Answer 35

* War **shifted territorial control** in North America from France to Britain. * Strained relations between British colonists and Native American tribes, contributing to future **conflicts and resentment**. * The war ended with the **Treaty of Paris** (1763), which significantly weakened French influence in North America.

Question 36

# Identify: The **5 Acts** from the British Empire that led up to the American Revolution.

Answer 36

* Proclamation of 1763 * The Stamp Act * The Townshend Acts * The Coercive Acts * The Quartering Act

Question 37

# Explain: In what ways did the **Boston Massacre** influence the political and social dynamics that led to the American Revolution?

Answer 37

* Unified and **intensified colonial opposition** to British rule, portraying the British as brutal oppressors. * Led to the formation of **Committees of Correspondence**, promoting coordinated resistance and spreading revolutionary ideas. ## Footnote The Boston Massacre occurred amid protests and boycotts against the Townshend Acts, which colonists saw as abuses of British power. The presence of British troops to suppress these protests led to the fatal confrontation, uniting the colonies against British rule.

Question 38

# Explain: In what ways did the **Boston Tea Party** contribute to the onset of the American Revolution?

Answer 38

* Direct defiance against British authority and the Tea Act of 1773 galvanized colonial resistance and unity against unjust laws. * Britain enacted the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts in 1774 as punishment. * Harsh measures further alienated colonists, making reconciliation difficult. * Outrage over the Intolerable Acts led to the formation of the First Continental Congress in 1774. * Became a symbol of colonial resistance and inspired other acts of defiance.

Question 39

# Explain: How did the **First Continental Congress** (1774) play a role in starting the American Revolution?

Answer 39

* Played a crucial role in starting the American Revolution by **uniting the colonies** in response to British policies and fostering a **collective resistance**. * Convened in 1774, it brought together representatives from twelve of the thirteen colonies to address the **Intolerable Acts** imposed by Britain. * The Congress endorsed a **boycott of British goods**, drafted a declaration of colonial rights, and agreed to form local militias, laying the groundwork for armed resistance.

Question 40

# Explain: How did the **American Revolution** culminate in the colonies achieving their independence? | 1776

Answer 40

* Culminated in the colonies achieving their independence through a combination of **military victories**, **strategic alliances**, and growing **political unity**. * Key battles, such as the **Siege of Yorktown in 1781**, where British forces surrendered to the American and French armies, marked the turning point in the war. * The **revolutionaries' alliance with France** provided critical military and financial support, tipping the balance in their favor. * **The Continental Congress** helped unify the colonies under a common cause, ultimately leading to the **Treaty of Paris in 1783**, where Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States.

Question 41

# Explain: What significant legacy did the **Declaration of Independence** (1776) leave behind?

Answer 41

Laid out foundational principles of **individual rights and self-governance**, serving as a beacon for democratic movements globally.

Question 42

# Describe: How did the **Articles of Confederation** shape early American government and its relationship with individual states?

Answer 42

* Established a **weak central government** with limited authority, emphasizing state sovereignty over national unity. * Led to **difficulties in enforcing laws**, regulating trade, and coordinating collective action among the states, highlighting the need for a stronger federal framework.

Question 43

# Explain: How did the **Northwest Ordinance of 1787** influence the development of American territorial expansion and land policy?

Answer 43

* Provided a **framework for governing territories and admitting new states**, ensuring orderly expansion westward. * **Facilitated organized settlement and development in the Ohio Valley** by establishing it as part of the Northwest Territory and providing a process for statehood, including for Ohio. * Its **prohibition of slavery and emphasis on education and infrastructure** shaped the region's social and economic growth, setting it apart from slaveholding areas and promoting its integration into the United States.

Question 44

# Identify: **3 key provisions** of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Answer 44

1. The abolition of slavery in the Northwest Territory. 2. The right to a trial by jury of peers. 3. The right to freedom of religion.

Question 45

# Explain: 3 ways the **Great Compromise** reconciled the interests of large and small states in the formation of the U.S. Congress.

Answer 45

1. Created a **Congress** with **two chambers**: the Senate, with equal representation for each state, and the House of Representatives, based on population. 2. Ensured **small states had equal power in the Senate**, with each state receiving two senators. 3. Addressed **large states' concerns by basing House representation on population size**, promoting fairness in legislative decisions.

Question 46

# Identify: What did the **Virginia Plan** propose during the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Answer 46

* **Bicameral** government with proportional representation. * A strong national government with separate **executive**, **legislative**, and **judicial** branches. * Influenced the eventual structure of Congress, especially the **House of Representatives**, where representation is proportional.

Question 47

# Identify: What did the **New Jersey Plan** propose during the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Answer 47

* One legislative body with equal representation. * Federal taxation based on population.

Question 48

How did the **Founding Fathers** reconcile the ideals of liberty and equality with the institution of **slavery** during the formation of the United States?

Answer 48

* **Largely avoided the issue** in foundational documents like the Constitution, focusing on uniting the colonies. * Included **compromises**, such as the Three-Fifths Compromise, to gain support from Southern states that relied on slavery. * Some, like Thomas Jefferson, expressed **moral opposition** to slavery but continued to own slaves, reflecting the deep contradictions of the era.

Question 49

# Identify: Controversy surrounding the **Louisiana Purchase** (1803).

Answer 49

Opposition due to the expansion of presidential power and unconstitutional purchase.

Question 50

# Explain: What historical, political, and social factors contributed to the emergence and solidification of the **two-party system** in the United States?

Answer 50

* Debates between **Federalists and Anti-Federalists** over the Constitution in the late 18th century laid the groundwork for the two-party system, with these factions evolving into the first political parties—Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. * **Winner-takes-all electoral system** and **single-member districts** encouraged the formation of two dominant parties, as third parties struggled to gain traction in a system where only the top candidates win representation. * **Regional, economic, and ideological divides**, such as those between the North and South or between agrarian and industrial interests, fueled competition between parties, reinforcing the two-party structure as each major party sought to represent distinct segments of the population.

Question 51

# Describe: Significance of the **Common Sense** pamphlet.

Answer 51

Helped popularize the idea of **independence** among Americans. ## Footnote This was written by Thomas Paine.

Question 52

# Explain: Importance of the **Oregon Trail**.

Answer 52

* **Key route for westward expansion** in the United States during the 19th century, enabling thousands of settlers to migrate and establish new communities in the Pacific Northwest. * Played a crucial role in shaping the American frontier, helping to **solidify U.S. claims to Oregon Territory** and promoting economic development through agriculture and trade in the region. * The trail's challenges and hardships became emblematic of the **pioneer spirit**, influencing American culture and inspiring stories of perseverance and adventure.

Question 53

# Explain: How did **Westward Expansion** impact American society?

Answer 53

* New economic opportunities and cheap or free land due to the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850. * Journey was often arduous and many settlers died. * Thousands of Native Americans were displaced because of some using the concept of Manifest Destiny with force.

Question 54

# Explain: How did the **annexation of Texas** in 1845 influence the political and economic landscape of the United States?

Answer 54

* Significantly **expanded U.S. territory**, intensifying the debate over the expansion of slavery and contributing to tensions that eventually led to the Civil War. * **Provided the U.S. with vast new lands** for agriculture and settlement, boosting westward expansion and the growth of the American economy.

Question 55

# Identify: 3 causes of the **Mexican-American War**.

Answer 55

* Mexico refused to acknowledge Texas as an **independent state** or its border that Texas claimed after the annex. * The **Wilmot Proviso**, which proposed that all land gained from Mexico would be slave-free. * **Manifest Destiny**.

Question 56

# Explain: What were the key political and territorial outcomes of the **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo** that ended the Mexican-American War in 1848?

Answer 56

* California became independent and later a state * Ceding of additional land from Mexico to the United States, which would become seven states. * Acceptance of the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries.

Question 57

# Explain: How was the **Compromise of 1850** a cause of the American Civil War?

Answer 57

* Attempted to address the contentious issue of slavery's expansion by allowing **popular sovereignty in new territories**, intensifying sectional tensions. * Highlighted deepening divisions between North and South over issues such as the **Fugitive Slave Act**, which increased northern resistance to federal enforcement of slavery laws.

Question 58

# Explain: How did the **Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1806** contribute to expanding American knowledge and influence in the newly acquired Louisiana Territory?

Answer 58

* **Mapped previously uncharted territory**, providing crucial geographical information that facilitated future westward expansion and settlement. * **Established diplomatic relations** with numerous **Native American** tribes, paving the way for future trade and negotiation that helped integrate the region into the expanding United States.

Question 59

What were the **long-term diplomatic and cultural impacts** of the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804–1806) on Native American tribes encountered during their journey?

Answer 59

* Led to **increased contact and trade** between Native American tribes and Euro-American settlers, altering traditional tribal economies and social structures. * Laid the **groundwork for subsequent U.S. policies and treaties** that sought to control Native American lands and assimilate tribes into American society, leading to significant cultural changes and conflicts over land rights.

Question 60

# Explain: How did the **War of 1812** impact the United States' national identity and its standing in international relations during the early 19th century?

Answer 60

* **Solidified American independence and identity** by demonstrating the nation's ability to defend itself against British aggression. * Led to **increased nationalism and pride** in American achievements, while also contributing to a renewed sense of unity and patriotism among its citizens.

Question 61

# Explain: What were the long-term consequences of the **Indian Removal Act of 1830**?

Answer 61

Resulted in **forced relocation of Native American tribes** west of the Mississippi River, leading to loss of traditional lands, cultural disruption, and profound **intergenerational trauma** among Native peoples.

Question 62

# Describe: How did the **Trail of Tears (1838-1839)** reflect broader U.S. policies towards Native American tribes in the 19th century?

Answer 62

Reflected broader **U.S. policies of forced removal and assimilation** aimed at displacing Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to make way for westward expansion and settlement.

Question 63

# Explain: How did **sectionalism** impact the United States prior to the Civil War?

Answer 63

* **Deepened divisions** between regions over issues such as slavery, economic policies, and states' rights * Contributed to **political polarization** and culminating in the Civil War.

Question 64

# Explain: How did the **Dred Scott v. Sandford decision of 1857** influence the debate over slavery and the authority of the federal government in the United States?

Answer 64

* **Denied** African Americans citizenship. * **Upheld the legality of slavery** in all territories, exacerbating tensions and intensifying the national debate over states' rights versus federal authority.

Question 65

# Identify: How did the **Gettysburg Address** redefine the purpose of the American Civil War and influence the nation's perception of democracy and equality?

Answer 65

By emphasizing national unity and equality, transforming it into a struggle for human rights and democracy.

Question 66

# Identify: 4 causes of the **American Civil War**.

Answer 66

1. Issue of **slavery**. 2. Disagreements over **states vs. federal rights**. 3. **Economic** issues. 4. **Abraham Lincoln** elected president in 1860. ## Footnote The North wanted to remove slavery but that would cripple the South's economy since they relied on free labor for their farming.

Question 67

# Identify: 2 important consequences of the **American Civil War**.

Answer 67

1. Abolition of slavery. 1. Strengthening of federal authority over the states.

Question 68

# Explain: How did the **13th Amendment** fundamentally alter the social and economic landscape of the United States?

Answer 68

Fundamentally altered the social and economic landscape of the United States by **abolishing slavery**, thereby freeing millions of enslaved individuals and reshaping labor systems and social hierarchies.

Question 69

# Explain: How did the **14th Amendment** transform the legal and civil rights framework in the United States?

Answer 69

Transformed the legal and civil rights framework in the United States by **granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the country**, fundamentally altering the scope of individual rights and state authority.

Question 70

# Explain: How did the **15th Amendment** (1870) advance the pursuit of equality and democracy in post-Civil War America?

Answer 70

**Prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude**, marking a significant step towards enfranchisement for African American men.

Question 71

# Explain: How did the ongoing **Westward Expansion** following the Civil War influence society?

Answer 71

Promoted economic growth, shaped cultural diversity, and accelerated the displacement of Native American tribes from their lands.

Question 72

# Identify: 5 reasons why **Reconstruction** failed.

Answer 72

1. Persistent racial discrimination 1. Economic hardships 1. Political violence 2. Removal of federal troops in 1877 3. Compromise of 1877 ## Footnote All three of these undermined efforts to fully integrate African Americans into society and secure their civil rights after the Civil War.

Question 73

# Explain: How did the **Industrial Revolution** in America begin?

Answer 73

Driven by **technological innovations**, the growth of **factories** and industries, **urbanization**, and advancements in **transportation** and communication infrastructure such as railroads and telegraphs. ## Footnote Began in the late 18th century and accelerated throughout the 19th century.

Question 74

# Explain: How did the Industrial Revolution in the United States **reshape economic and social structures**, and what were its long-term implications for global influence?

Answer 74

* Reshaped economic structures by shifting from agrarian-based economies to industrialized ones, fostering mass production and urbanization. * Transformed labor patterns, leading to the rise of urban working classes and impacting social hierarchies. * Globally positioned the U.S. as a major economic and technological leader, influencing global trade and industrial development. ## Footnote Goods could be transported swiftly across vast distances, fueling the growth of cities in inland areas that were not dependent on rivers or coastlines. This rapid expansion also spurred mass immigration from Asia and Europe, as people sought new opportunities in these emerging urban centers.

Question 75

# Explain: How did **immigration laws** passed during the Industrial Revolution in the United States **shape national identity, labor markets, and societal integration**?

Answer 75

* Aimed to regulate and control the influx of immigrants, **often reflecting societal fears and economic interests**. * **Laws influenced demographic shifts**, labor dynamics, and cultural assimilation processes, shaping the social fabric and economic development of the nation.

Question 76

# Explain: How did the **Second Industrial Revolution** accelerate technological advancements, transform global economies, and reshape societal structures in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Answer 76

* Laid foundation for unprecedented **technological innovations**. * Spurred **mass production** through electrification and assembly line methods. * Reshaped **global economic dynamics**, fundamentally altering societal structures and urban landscapes worldwide. ## Footnote Examples: electrification, assembly line techniques by Henry Ford, mass production of automobiles

Question 77

# Explain: What was the significance of **labor unions** during the Second Industrial Revolution? ## Footnote (late 19th to early 20th century)

Answer 77

* Emerged as powerful advocates for **workers' rights** * Campaigned for **improved working conditions**, shorter hours, and fair wages amidst rapid industrialization. * Contributed to the establishment of **collective bargaining agreements**, which gave workers a stronger voice in negotiations with employers and helped shape labor laws that aimed to protect workers' rights. ## Footnote Examples: Creation of AFL in 1886, Pullman Strike of 1894

Question 78

# Explain: How did the **Gilded Age** (1870s–1900) in the United States symbolize both unprecedented economic growth and profound social inequality?

Answer 78

* Marked a period of **rapid industrialization**, urbanization, and economic expansion fueled by technological innovations and entrepreneurial ventures. * Underscored **stark disparities between the wealthy elite and the working class**, leading to widespread social unrest and calls for reform amid growing economic inequality.

Question 79

# Explain: How did **religion** play a role in the Gilded Age?

Answer 79

* The **Social Gospel movement** emerged within Protestantism during the Industrial Revolution. * Advocated for the application of **biblical ethics** to address social and economic injustices, aiming to eradicate poverty, improve living conditions, and promote societal equality. * **Jane Addams** was a pioneering social reformer and activist who co-founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889. * **Hull House** became a model for social work, providing essential services like education and healthcare to immigrant and low-income communities.

Question 80

# Explain: How did **imperialism** during the late 19th and early 20th centuries reshape global power dynamics, economic structures, and cultural exchanges among nations?

Answer 80

* Allowed **Western powers**, particularly Europe and the U.S., to **dominate vast territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific**, establishing themselves as global hegemonic forces. * **Reshaped global trade networks**, leading to the extraction of resources from colonies and the establishment of markets for manufactured goods, benefiting imperial powers at the expense of colonized regions. * **Facilitated exchanges and imposed Western ideologies**, while also sparking resistance, nationalism, and hybrid cultural practices in colonized societies.

Question 81

# Explain: Significance of the **Spanish-American War**.

Answer 81

* Resulted in the **United States gaining overseas territories** such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking its transition from a regional to a global power. * Underscored **America's growing influence in Latin America and the Caribbean**, shaping its foreign policy objectives and strategic interests in the Western Hemisphere.

Question 82

# Identify: 4 causes of **WWI**.

Answer 82

1. Alliances 2. Nationalism 3. Militarism 4. Imperialism

Question 83

# Explain: What brought America into **WWI**?

Answer 83

* Germany's **unrestricted submarine warfare** led to the sinking of ships with American passengers (e.g. Lusitania). * **Propaganda campaigns** in America depicted Germany as vicious killers after they invaded Belgium. * The **Zimmerman Telegram** revealed Germany's proposal to Mexico to join the war against the U.S. in exchange for the return of lost territories. ## Footnote Despite initial efforts to stay neutral, growing anti-Germany sentiment and direct threats to American security led to U.S. involvement in WWI.

Question 84

# Explain: What were the outcomes of America's involement in **WWI**?

Answer 84

* **Changed the course of the conflict, enabling the Allies to achieve victory** and convene the Paris Peace Conference to negotiate the Treaty of Versailles, shaping the post-war global order. * **Expanded opportunities for women in the workforce**, strengthened federal powers and presidential authority, fostered growth in organizations like the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and Red Cross, and increased international travel.

Question 85

# Explain: What was **life** like during the Progressive Era of the 1920s in America?

Answer 85

* **Shift towards mass consumerism**, driven by modern advertising that promoted household goods and technological innovations like cars and planes, which transformed American life. * Cultural advancements in cinema and journalism during this period emphasized arts, culture, and entertainment, **contributing to increased leisure time** and societal changes. ## Footnote Mass production made these goods more accessible, leading to a more uniform American home life.

Question 86

# Explain: What was the **economy** like during the Progressive Era of the 1920s in America?

Answer 86

* **Prosperity** of the 1920s was **fueled** by **economic growth**, driven by new inventions, increased manufacturing, and the widespread adoption of mass consumption, which reshaped American culture. * **Industrial expansion**, particularly with innovations like the automobile, facilitated suburban development, expanding the middle class and fundamentally altering the American landscape. ## Footnote Economic prosperity allowed for a broader distribution of wealth and increased consumerism.

Question 87

# Explain: What were the **politics** like during the Progressive Era of the 1920s in America?

Answer 87

* Significant **social and political reforms** focused on worker protection, sanitation improvements, and advancing women's rights, but racial tensions and xenophobia persisted. * Groups such as the KKK emerged, exacerbating **anti-immigrant sentiment that impacted worker rights and labor unions**, while events like the Tulsa Massacre underscored deep-seated racial divisions in American society.

Question 88

# Explain: What is the significance of the **16th Amendment** (ratified in 1913) to the U.S. Constitution in shaping the federal income tax system?

Answer 88

Granted the **U.S. Congress the power to levy an income tax** without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the U.S. Census, fundamentally transforming federal revenue generation.

Question 89

# Explain: How did the **17th Amendment** change the process for electing U.S. Senators, and what were its intended democratic benefits?

Answer 89

Changed the process for **electing U.S. Senators** from being chosen by state legislatures to being directly elected by the people, thereby **increasing democratic participation and reducing corruption**.

Question 90

# Explain: Social and political impacts of the **18th Amendment**.

Answer 90

* Established Prohibition in the United States * Led to significant social and political impacts including the rise of organized crime, widespread disregard for the law, and ultimately its repeal by the 21st Amendment.

Question 91

# Explain: How did the **19th Amendment** expand **voting rights** in the United States, and what were its broader implications for women's rights and gender equality?

Answer 91

* Expanded voting rights in the United States by **prohibiting gender-based voting restrictions**. * Significantly advancing women's rights and **promoting gender equality** in the democratic process.

Question 92

# Identify: Causes of the **Wall Street Crash of 1929**

Answer 92

* Over-speculation in the U.S. stock market. * Excessive investment during the Roaring Twenties, often with borrowed money. * Unsustainable growth led to the crash after 8 years.

Question 93

# Explain: **Effects** of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

Answer 93

* Long-lasting economic impact throughout the 1930s. * Significant hardship for working-class individuals. * Federal interventions in 1933 helped stabilize the market. * The Great Depression ended with economic support for WWII military efforts. ## Footnote Initial federal interventions restored some investor confidence, leading to the first signs of market growth during the Great Depression.

Question 94

# Explain: How did the Great Depression affect **urban and rural** Americans?

Answer 94

* Urban Americans faced **unemployment** rates of up to 25%. * Many were forced to wait in soup lines, steal, or live in **shantytowns**. * Rural Americans, especially farmers, suffered from the '**Dust Bowl**,' with dust storms burying homes, equipment, and livestock. ## Footnote The Great Depression was the United States' largest economic downturn, causing widespread unemployment and hardship.

Question 95

# Explain: How did the Great Depression affect **minority groups** in America?

Answer 95

* **Sharecroppers** had leases terminated and were evicted. * **Latino** and **Asian** people were often blamed for taking jobs from white people, leading to deportations. * **African Americans** were the first to lose jobs and faced increased violence and discrimination, including poll taxes to prevent voting. ## Footnote The suffering for all individuals continued until the American entrance into the Second World War, which eventually helped to end the Great Depression.

Question 96

# Explain: How did the **New Deal** (1933–1939) transform the role of the federal government in the economy and society of the United States?

Answer 96

* Expanded the federal government's role by implementing a range of **economic and social programs** aimed at relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression. * Established new regulatory frameworks and welfare systems, including **Social Security and unemployment insurance**, fundamentally reshaping the relationship between the government and American citizens.

Question 97

# Explain: What were the primary **causes** of **World War II**, and how did the events leading up to the war contribute to its outbreak?

Answer 97

**Primary causes:** * aggressive expansionist policies of Nazi Germany * the failure of the Treaty of Versailles to ensure lasting peace * the economic instability caused by the Great Depression. ## Footnote Events leading up to the war, such as the invasion of Poland by Germany and the subsequent failure of appeasement policies, directly contributed to the outbreak of global conflict.

Question 98

# Explain: What were the **major turning points in World War II** that shifted the balance of power and contributed to the eventual Allied victory?

Answer 98

* **Battle of Stalingrad**, which marked the decline of Nazi Germany's expansion in the Eastern Front * **Battle of Midway**, which shifted the momentum in the Pacific Theater in favor of the Allies. * The successful Allied landings in Normandy (**D-Day**) and the subsequent liberation of Western Europe.

Question 99

# Explain: How did the **ideological, political, and military tensions** between the United States and the Soviet Union shape global relations and conflicts during the Cold War?

Answer 99

* Fostered a climate of competition and conflict. * Led to proxy wars, nuclear arms races, and significant shifts in international alliances and policies.

Question 100

What were the **key events** and **outcomes** of the **Korean War**, and how did the division of Korea and international involvement shape the conflict?

Answer 100

**Key Events**: * North Korea's invasion of South Korea in 1950 * U.S. and UN intervention * China's entry into the war * 1953 armistice. **Results**: * continued division of Korea along the 38th parallel * significant casualties * entrenched Cold War tensions * international involvement shaped the conflict by turning it into a proxy war

Question 101

# Explain: What were the major **domestic** and **foreign** **policy** achievements and challenges of **John F. Kennedy's presidency**, and how did they impact the course of American history?

Answer 101

**Major achievements**: * establishment of the Peace Corps * advancements in space exploration with the Apollo program * significant progress in civil rights legislation **Key challenges:** * Cuban Missile Crisis * escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam

Question 102

# Identify: **Causes** of the Vietnam War.

Answer 102

1. French colonialism in Vietnam 1. Rise of Vietnamese nationalism and communism (Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh) 1. Cold War dynamics and the Domino Theory 1. Geneva Accords and the division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel 1. Escalation of U.S. military involvement, especially after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident ## Footnote The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was heavily influenced by global Cold War tensions and efforts to address decolonization.

Question 103

# Explain: Major **effects** of the Vietnam War.

Answer 103

* Millions of deaths and widespread destruction from bombing and chemical agents in Vietnam. * The U.S. spent over $170 billion and lost over 50,000 soldiers. * Antiwar protests erupted worldwide. * Vietnam fell under communist rule after American forces withdrew in 1973.

Question 104

# Explain: What were the major **strategies** and significant **achievements** of the **Civil Rights Movement**, and how did they contribute to the advancement of racial equality in the United States?

Answer 104

* Used **nonviolent protest, legal challenges, and grassroots activism** as major strategies to combat racial segregation and discrimination. * Significant achievements include the **Brown v. Board of Education** ruling, the **Civil Rights Act of 1964**, and the **Voting Rights Act of 1965**, which dismantled legal segregation and protected voting rights for African Americans. * These efforts greatly **advanced racial equality** in the U.S., though the movement also highlighted the ongoing need for social and economic justice.

Question 105

# Identify: Legislative outcomes of the **Civil Rights Movement** in the 1960s.

Answer 105

* **The Civil Rights Act of 1964** provided protections against workplace discrimination and banned segregation in public facilities. * **The Voting Rights Act of 1965** banned Jim Crow-era laws like literacy tests in the South. * **The Civil Rights Act of 1968** protected Black Americans from discrimination in housing and finance. ## Footnote Key events like Rosa Parks refusing to give up her bus seat and the broadcasting of violent interactions with peaceful protesters helped shift public sentiment and policy.

Question 106

# Identify: **Civil Rights groups and movements** in the 1960's and 1970's

Answer 106

* The Student Movement * The Counterculture/Hippie Movement * The Feminist Movement * The Red Power movement * The gay liberation movement * The environmental movement

Question 107

# Explain: Significance of President Johnson's **Great Society**

Answer 107

* Set of **domestic programs** launched in the 1960s aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice. * Key initiatives included **Medicare, Medicaid, the Civil Rights Act, and the War on Poverty**, significantly expanding the federal government's role in social welfare and civil rights. * The Great Society reshaped American society, **reducing poverty rates and promoting equal opportunities**, but also sparked debates over government intervention and spending.

Question 108

# Explain: How has the **Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)** influenced global oil prices and international energy policies since its formation?

Answer 108

Since its formation, OPEC has significantly influenced global oil prices and international energy policies by **coordinating production levels among member countries** to control supply and stabilize or manipulate prices in the global market.

Question 109

# Explain: Significance of **Roe v. Wade** in 1973.

Answer 109

* Landmark Supreme Court decision that **legalized abortion nationwide**, ruling that a woman's right to choose was protected under the right to privacy implied by the **14th Amendment**. * The decision established a **framework** allowing states to regulate abortion based on the **trimester of pregnancy**, balancing the state's interest in protecting women's health and potential life. * It became a focal point in the ongoing debate over **reproductive rights** and has had a lasting impact on U.S. law and society.

Question 110

# Explain: Key aspects of **Jimmy Carter**'s presidency.

Answer 110

* Focused on **human rights, energy policy, and diplomacy**. * Brokered the **Camp David Accords** between Egypt and Israel * Faced challenges with the **Iran hostage crisis** and a struggling economy marked by inflation and unemployment. * Despite these difficulties, Carter is often praised for his post-presidency **humanitarian work and environmental advocacy**.