II World History

Question 1

Identify:

Key contributions of Ancient Greek civilization to Western philosophy and science.

Answer 1

• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundations of Western philosophy, emphasizing reason, ethics, and political theory.
• Advances in mathematics by Euclid.
• Principles of physics by Archimedes.
• Hippocratic Oath in medicine.

Question 2

Explain:

How did the political structures of different city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, shape their societies and interactions?

Answer 2

• Athens’ democracy promoted civic participation, intellectual pursuits, and cultural achievements.
• Sparta’s oligarchic and militaristic system focused on discipline, military prowess, and austere living, leading to a society centered on warrior culture.

Question 3

Explain:

In what ways did Ancient Greek art and architecture reflect their values and beliefs?

Answer 3

• Greek art celebrated human beauty and form, exemplified by sculptures like the Venus de Milo and Discobolus.
• Architecture, such as the Parthenon, showcased their religious devotion, architectural innovation, and emphasis on harmony and proportion.

Question 4

Explain:

What role did mythology and religion play in the everyday lives of Ancient Greeks?

Answer 4

• Greek mythology and religion provided explanations for natural phenomena, human behavior, and life events, deeply influencing daily life and cultural practices.
• Religious rituals, festivals, and oracles were integral to public and private life, reinforcing social cohesion and moral values.

Question 5

Identify::

Key factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire

Answer 5

• Military conquest and strategic alliances.
• Effective administrative and legal systems.

Question 6

Describe:

How did Roman law and governance evolve from the Republic to the Empire, and what were the major reforms introduced during this transition?

Answer 6

• Transition from a Republic with elected officials to an Empire with centralized autocratic rule.
• Rise of Julius Caesar
• Major reforms included the establishment of imperial bureaucracy and codification of laws (e.g., Justinian’s Code).

Question 7

Identify:

Causes and effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.

Answer 7

• Causes: internal instability, economic troubles, and invasions by barbarian tribes.
• Effects: fragmentation of Western Europe and the rise of feudalism.

Question 8

Explain:

How did Roman culture, including its art, architecture, and literature, influence the development of Western civilization?

Answer 8

• Roman architecture, such as the use of arches, vaults, and concrete, became foundational in Western building design.
• Roman law, governance, and Latin language shaped European legal systems and languages.
• Roman literature, particularly works by Virgil, Ovid, and Cicero, provided a model for later Western literature, inspiring themes of heroism, morality, and rhetoric that persist in modern Western culture.

Question 9

Describe:

What were the social and economic structures of ancient Rome, and how did they impact daily life for different classes within Roman society?

Answer 9

• Society was hierarchical, with a clear divide between patricians (elite) and plebeians (commoners).
• Economic activities included agriculture, trade, and slavery, influencing social dynamics and daily life.

Question 10

Identify:

Aspects of Ancient Roman life that are still used in societies today

Answer 10

1. Legal Systems
2. Infrastructure and Engineering
3. Language
4. Architecture
5. Government and Republic

Question 11

Identify:

How did Cyrus the Great establish the Persian Empire?

Answer 11

• Military skill.
• Open mindedness about how subjects should be treated.
• Administrative skill by ruling through provinces.

Question 12

Explain:

What were the key factors and historical circumstances that led to the formation and rise of the Persian Empire?

Answer 12

• The unification of Persian tribes under the leadership of Cyrus the Great in the mid-6th century BCE.
• Strategic military conquests and diplomatic strategies that expanded Persian territory and influence, including the defeat of the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians.

Question 13

Explain:

How did the administrative structure and governance of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty contribute to its stability and ability to manage a vast and diverse territory?

Answer 13

• Relied on a system of satrapies, or provinces, each governed by a satrap who maintained local control while remaining loyal to the central authority.
• Created a decentralized approach to governance, which allowed the empire to efficiently manage its vast and diverse territories.
• Used standardized laws, a centralized tax system, and a network of roads to facilitate communication, trade, and military coordination across the empire.

Question 14

Explain:

How did the economic policies and infrastructure of the Persian Empire contribute to its stability and expansion?

Answer 14

• Standardized taxation and the use of a common currency created a stable financial system that supported both the government and trade across its vast territories.
• Infrastructure projects like the Royal Road and an extensive postal system enhanced communication, trade, and military mobilization, linking distant provinces and ensuring efficient governance.

Question 15

Describe:

Geography of the Persian Empire.

Answer 15

• Stretched from the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt in the west to the Indus Valley in the east.
• Encompassed varied landscapes, including deserts, mountain ranges, fertile plains, and coastal regions, across modern-day Iran, Turkey, Egypt, parts of Greece, and Central Asia.

Question 16

Explain:

What were the major political and cultural achievements of the Maurya and Gupta Empires, and how did they shape ancient Indian civilization?

Answer 16

• The Maurya Empire achieved significant political unification under Ashoka, who also promoted Buddhism.
• The Gupta Empire is known for its cultural and scientific advancements, often referred to as the Golden Age of India.

Question 17

Explain:

How did the religious and philosophical traditions of ancient India, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, develop and influence society?

Answer 17

• Hinduism: developed through a synthesis of ancient Vedic traditions and local beliefs, establishing a complex system of deities, rituals, and social orders, which deeply influenced Indian society’s cultural and social norms.
• Buddhism: emerged from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, advocating for the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which challenged the rigid caste system and promoted ideals of compassion and enlightenment, spreading across Asia and impacting various cultures.
• Jainism: founded by Mahavira, emphasized non-violence (ahimsa), asceticism, and self-discipline, influencing social and ethical practices and contributing to the development of vegetarianism in the region.

Question 18

Identify:

3 pillars of Indian society.

Answer 18

1. The Village: It was comprised of small villages that had autonomy,
2. The Caste System: It was formed through the Laws of Manu, an ancient text which governed everyday life.
3. The Family: Formed around the joint family, in which the wives of the sons in a family live with the son’s parents and collectively rear children.

Question 19

Identify:

Levels in the Indian Caste System.

Answer 19

1. Brahmin
2. Kshatriya
3. Vaishya
4. Shudra
5. Untouchables

Question 20

Describe:

Geography of the Indus Valley civilization.

Answer 20

• Located on a flat alluvial plains.
• Surrounded by ocean, desert, and mountains.
• Covered with swamps and dense forests.
• The 2 major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Question 21

Explain:

Key intellectual and cultural achievements of the Gupta Dynasty.

Answer 21

• Development of the concept of zero.
• Significant contributions to algebra and astronomy.
• Advancements in medical knowledge through texts like the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita.
• Flourishing of classical Sanskrit literature.

Question 22

Describe:

What were the key factors in the emergence of the Huang He civilization, and why was it significant in ancient Chinese history?

Answer 22

• Emerged due to fertile land along the Yellow River, fostering agricultural development
• Became significant for its early advancements in Chinese culture, technology, and state formation.

Question 23

Describe:

How did the geography of Ancient China affect its livelihood?

Answer 23

Natural barriers such as tropical rainforests, the Tibetan Plateau’s tundra, the Himalayas, and the Gobi Desert isolated China, limited expansion and trade while providing protection from invasions.

Question 24

Explain:

How does Confucianism influence modern societal structures and cultural practices in East Asian countries?

Answer 24

• Emphasizing hierarchical relationships and social harmony, influencing governance, education, and family dynamics.
• Cultural practices such as filial piety, respect for elders, and emphasis on collective well-being reflect Confucian values, promoting social cohesion and continuity of traditions.

Question 25

# Explain: How have the teachings of **Confucius** influenced **philosophical thought** and governance throughout history?

Answer 25

* Emphasized **moral integrity, social harmony**, and the importance of **hierarchical relationships**, which significantly shaped philosophical thought and ethical behavior in East Asian societies. * His ideas about **governance**, such as the importance of **virtuous leadership** and the **role of education** in creating a just society, influenced political systems and administrative practices throughout Chinese history and beyond. * Confucian principles also contributed to the development of meritocratic systems and the cultivation of personal and societal virtues, impacting cultural and governmental structures in countries like **Korea, Japan, and Vietnam**.

Question 26

# Identify: **2 major philosophies** in China during the Warring States period.

Answer 26

* **Confucianism:** governed interactions between individuals and emphasized education. * **Taoism:** focused on understanding the vastness of the world and harmony with nature.

Question 27

# Identify: Major political, social, and technological advancements during the **Zhou Dynasty**.

Answer 27

* Introduced the concept of the **Mandate of Heaven**. * Decentralized **feudalism**. * Created significant **technological advancements** like iron metallurgy and agricultural improvements.

Question 28

# Explain: How did the **Qin Dynasty**'s centralization of power and legal reforms transform the political and administrative landscape of ancient China?

Answer 28

* **Standardization** of laws, currency, weights, and measures. * Construction of **extensive infrastructure** like roads and the Great Wall, fundamentally transformed China's political and administrative landscape, establishing a unified and efficient state.

Question 29

# Explain: Political contributions of the **Han Dynasty**.

Answer 29

* Established a **centralized bureaucratic system** with a structured hierarchy, utilizing **civil service exams** to recruit qualified officials, which set a model for future Chinese governance. * **Expanded China's territory** through military conquests and diplomatic alliances, consolidating its control over key regions and establishing the Silk Road for trade and cultural exchange. * Implemented **legal reforms** and **standardized administrative practices**, including codifying laws and improving tax systems, which contributed to greater stability and efficiency in governance.

Question 30

# Explain: How did the **Silk Road** facilitate cultural, economic, and technological **exchanges between East and West**, and what impact did it have on the development of civilizations along its routes?

Answer 30

* Enabled the exchange of **goods, ideas, and technologies** between East and West, facilitating trade in silk, spices, and other commodities while spreading innovations like papermaking and gunpowder. * **Fostered cultural and religious interactions**, leading to the diffusion of philosophies, religions, and artistic styles, which significantly influenced the development of civilizations along its routes.

Question 31

# Explain: Significance of the **Neolithic Age**.

Answer 31

* Shift from hunter-gatherer societies to **sedentary living**, which involved the establishments of human settlements. * **Domestication** of plants and animals through **artificial selection**, by which humans fostered certain desired traits and species through breeding and the use of the **ard plough**.

Question 32

# Explain: How did the geography of **ancient Mesopotamia** shape its societal development, economy, and cultural achievements?

Answer 32

* The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers facilitated **agricultural prosperity** and urbanization, leading to the development of city-states and early forms of governance. * The region's strategic location enabled **trade and cultural exchanges** across the ancient Near East, influencing art, literature, and technological advancements.

Question 33

# Describe: How was government established in **Ancient Mesopotamia**?

Answer 33

* Combination of **religious authority and centralized rule**, with city-states often governed by priest-kings or monarchs who wielded both secular and religious power. * These rulers were responsible for maintaining order, administering justice, and overseeing agricultural and economic activities, often supported by a **bureaucracy of officials and scribes**. * As Mesopotamian societies evolved, the emergence of codified laws, such as the **Code of Hammurabi**, further institutionalized governance and established standardized legal frameworks.

Question 34

# Describe: What were the primary factors that contributed to the rise and longevity of **Ancient Egypt**'s civilization?

Answer 34

* The **Nile River** provided fertile land for agriculture, enabling sustained food production and supporting population growth. * Strong **centralized leadership** under pharaohs and an efficient bureaucracy helped maintain stability and order over centuries.

Question 35

# Describe: How did religious beliefs and practices shape the social and political structures of **Ancient Egypt**?

Answer 35

* The concept of **divine kingship**, where pharaohs were considered gods, reinforced the authority and legitimacy of rulers. * **Religious institutions and temples** played a central role in the economy, as they owned vast tracts of land and resources.

Question 36

# Describe: In what ways did **Ancient Egypt**'s interactions with **neighboring civilizations** influence its culture, technology, and economy?

Answer 36

* **Trade** with neighboring regions brought in goods, ideas, and technologies, fostering economic and cultural exchange. * **Military** campaigns, diplomacy, alliances, and treaties helped Egypt secure its borders and influence surrounding areas.

Question 37

# Identify: 4 major Near East Empires during the **Iron Age**.

Answer 37

* The Assyrian Empire * The Babylonian Empire * The Hittite Empire * The Neo-Elamite Empire

Question 38

# Explain: How did **religion** become a unifying factor after the Roman Empire fell?

Answer 38

* **Christianity** emerged as a unifying factor in Europe by providing a **common religious framework** and moral code that transcended regional and political divisions. * **The Catholic Church** played a central role in preserving and transmitting knowledge, cultural values, and administrative skills, helping to stabilize and integrate fragmented territories.

Question 39

# Describe: What were the key characteristics and impacts of the **feudal system** on medieval European society?

Answer 39

* Structured medieval European society through a **hierarchy** of lords, vassals, and serfs. * Provided social stability, military protection, and a **framework** for land ownership and economic activity.

Question 40

# Identify: 5 Pillars of Islam.

Answer 40

1. **Shahada (Profession of Faith)**: Muslims must profess their faith to Allah. 2. **Salah (Prayer)**: Pray 5 times daily. 3. **Zakat (Almsgiving)**: Be charitable to the less fortunate. 4. **Sawm (Fasting)**: Fast during the month of **Ramadah**. 5. **Hajj (Pilgrimage)**: Make 1 journey to **Mecca** in their lifetimes.

Question 41

# Explain: **Great Schism of 1054** and its significance.

Answer 41

* The **division** between Western and Eastern Christians into Catholic and Orthodox Churches. * Driven by **disputes** over **papal authority and theological differences**, such as the Filioque clause. * Additional factors included differing beliefs about purgatory, the veneration of icons, and practices like priestly celibacy and the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist.

Question 42

# Describe: What were the primary **causes** and **effects** of the **Crusades** for both Europe and the Middle East?

Answer 42

**Causes**: * religious zeal to reclaim the Holy Land * desire for political and territorial gain * economic incentives such as trade opportunities **Effects**: * significant cultural exchange * increased tension between Christians and Muslims * lasting impacts on the political and social structures of both Europe and the Middle East

Question 43

# Explain: How did cultural exchanges resulting from invasions influence societies during the **Middle Ages**?

Answer 43

* The **Norman invasion of England** in 1066 brought French language and customs, blending with Anglo-Saxon traditions and significantly influencing English culture and governance. * The **Mongol invasions across Eurasia** in the 13th century facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies between East and West, leading to advancements such as the spread of gunpowder and improved trade routes. * The **Islamic conquests of the Iberian Peninsula** introduced Islamic architecture, science, and scholarship to Europe, particularly in Spain, where cities like Córdoba became centers of learning and cultural fusion. ## Footnote Cultural exchanges introduced new ideas, technologies, and traditions, which often blended with existing local practices.

Question 44

# Explain: How did the **Magna Carta** influence the development of legal and political systems in medieval England and beyond?

Answer 44

* Established the principle that **everyone**, including the king, was **subject to the law**, laying the groundwork for constitutional governance in England. * Influenced the development of legal systems by introducing concepts such as **due process** and the protection of individual rights, which later inspired democratic principles worldwide.

Question 45

# Explain: How did the relationship between **Marco Polo** and the **Great Khan** influence the spread of Chinese technology?

Answer 45

* In the late 13th century, **Marco Polo** (from Venice) explored **Mongolia** (China) and built a relationship with the **Great Khan**. * He brought back to Europe valuable **maps and technologies** like the compass, the noodle, the printing press, gunpowder, paper money, and coal.

Question 46

# Describe: How did the **Medieval Guild** system work?

Answer 46

* They were organized groups of merchants, traders, and artisans that formed due to the increased taxes placed on **peasants** by the ruling class of the feudal system. Like **unions**, they regulated work hours and conditions for their work members. * Workers would get free **training** and **tools** to work their way up to getting paid.

Question 47

# Identify: What were the primary **causes** and **effects** of the **Hundred Years' War** between England and France?

Answer 47

**Causes**: * territorial disputes over French lands held by English kings * claims to the French throne **Effects**: * end of feudalism in France * the rise of national identities * shifts in military tactics, such as the increased use of longbows and gunpowder.

Question 48

# Identify: Key **factors** that contributed to the emergence of the **Italian Renaissance** as a major cultural and intellectual movement.

Answer 48

* The revival of classical learning and humanism. * Patronage of wealthy families. * Flourishing trade economy.

Question 49

# Explain: How did the Italian Renaissance influence **art**, **architecture**, and **literature** in Europe?

Answer 49

* Revolutionized art with the development of techniques such as **perspective, chiaroscuro, and realistic human anatomy**. * Masterpieces by artists like **Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael** inspired artists across Europe. * Revival of classical **Greco-Roman styles**, emphasizing symmetry, proportion, and the use of columns and domes. * Literature, driven by **humanist ideals**, produced works that explored human nature and individualism.

Question 50

# Identify: In what ways did the **political and economic conditions** of Italian city-states impact the development of Renaissance ideas and practices?

Answer 50

* Wealthy merchant families, such as the **Medici**, **invested** in artists, scientists, and scholars, enabling the flourishing of Renaissance ideas and practices. * **Strategic trade locations** facilitated cultural exchange, bringing new ideas from across Europe and the Mediterranean, further fueling the Renaissance.

Question 51

# Explain: How did the **Protestant Reformation** challenge the authority of the Catholic Church and lead to significant political, social, and religious changes in Europe?

Answer 51

* Challenged the authority of the Catholic Church by promoting **religious reform** and individual interpretation of the scriptures. * Led to rise of **Protestant** denominations, decreased papal influence, and the reshaping of societal structures and governance.

Question 52

# Explain: How was the **Church of England** established, and what was its significance to **King Henry VIII** and his reign?

Answer 52

* **King Henry VIII** began to consolidate the Church's power within England and to **restrict the power of the Pope in Rome**. * Worried about producing a male heir to continue his dynasty, he sought to divorce his wife, but the Pope denied the divorce. * Made the **Act of Supremacy in 1534**, officially severing ties between the Church of England and the leadership of the Pope, and requiring the English population to recognize the King as the Supreme Head of the Church.

Question 53

# Describe: How did the **Sack of Rome** in 1527 lead to the fall of the Renaissance?

Answer 53

* Disrupted the political and cultural stability of the city. * Scattered artists and intellectuals all over Europe. * Diminished the patronage that fueled the period's artistic and scholarly achievements.

Question 54

# Describe: How was the **Council of Trent** a significant event in the history of Catholicism?

Answer 54

* Marked the Catholic Church's definitive response to the **Protestant Reformation**. * Led to substantial **internal reforms**, the clarification of Catholic doctrines, and the strengthening of church discipline.

Question 55

# Explain: Why was Queen **Elizabeth I** of England important?

Answer 55

* Monarch of England during the country's **Golden Age** (1558 to 1604). * Leadership contributed extensively to the **economic** and **social** development of the country. * Kept peace between the **Catholics and Anglicans**. * This peace led to an increase in **arts and culture**, and exploration and science.

Question 56

# Describe: Significance of the **Thirty Years' War**.

Answer 56

* Reshaped the **political and religious landscape** of Europe. * Led to the **decline of the Holy Roman Empire**, the rise of state sovereignty, and the reconfiguration of power dynamics through the **Peace of Westphalia in 1648**.

Question 57

# Explain: How did the **English Civil War** (1642–1651) alter the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament, and what were its **long-term effects on the governance of England**?

Answer 57

* Shifted the balance of power decisively in favor of **Parliament** over the monarchy. * Culminated in the temporary establishment of the Commonwealth and the eventual **constitutional monarchy**, which permanently transformed English governance.

Question 58

# Explain: In what ways did the **social, religious, and economic tensions** of 17th-century England contribute to the outbreak and progression of the **English Civil War**?

Answer 58

* The **social tensions** combined with religious conflicts between Anglicans, Puritans, and Catholics, fueled widespread dissatisfaction with the monarchy. * **Economic pressures**, including heavy taxation and disputes over royal financial policies, further exacerbated these tensions, leading to the outbreak of war.

Question 59

# Explain: How did the changing **political** landscape of **Central and Eastern Europe** in the 1600s set the stage for wars and conflicts the following century?

Answer 59

* Fragmentation of Central and Eastern Europe into competing states with **shifting alliances and rivalries**. * Rise of powerful states like **Prussia** and the weakening of others, such as Poland and the Ottoman Empire, led to a power vacuum and increased competition.

Question 60

# Explain: How did **Peter the Great's** reforms and modernization efforts transform Russia into a major European power in the early 18th century?

Answer 60

* Extensive **reforms** in the military, government, and industry. * Modernized Russia’s **infrastructure** and culture, significantly enhanced the nation's military and economic capabilities. * Established **new capital** in St. Petersburg, and focused on expanding Russia's influence and naval power.

Question 61

# Explain: How did the **Scientific Revolution** fundamentally alter the approach to **scientific inquiry and knowledge**, and what impact did it have on the development of modern science?

Answer 61

* Transformed the approach to scientific inquiry by emphasizing **empirical evidence**, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning. * Laid the groundwork for the development of modern **scientific methods** and **disciplines**.

Question 62

# Explain: In what ways did **key figures of the Scientific Revolution**, such as Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and Johannes Kepler, contribute to the **shift from classical to modern scientific thought**?

Answer 62

* Challenged established views. * Advanced the laws of physics and astronomy. * Established a new framework for understanding the natural world.

Question 63

# Explain: How did the advancements and ideas of the **Scientific Revolution** influence other areas of society, including politics, religion, and philosophy, during and after the 17th century?

Answer 63

* The Scientific Revolution emphasized **reason**, observation, and empirical evidence. * Significantly influenced Enlightenment thinking which advocated for political reforms, individual rights, and the **separation of church and state**. * Principles challenged traditional **religious doctrines** and philosophical views. * Led to a more **secular, rational approach** to understanding the world and shaping modern political and philosophical thought.

Question 64

# Identify: Who were 6 important **philosophers** of the **Enlightenment**?

Answer 64

1. Immanuel Kant 2. Isaac Newton 3. John Locke 4. Baron de Montesquieu 5. Thomas Hobbes 6. David Hume ## Footnote The **Enlightenment** spanned over two centuries and two continents (**Europe and North America**).

Question 65

# Identify: **4 principles** of the **Enlightenment**.

Answer 65

1. Rationalism 2. Empiricism 3. Progressivism 4. Cosmopolitanism

Question 66

# Explain: What were **Enlightened Despots** and why were they important?

Answer 66

* Frederick the Great, Catherine II, Maria Theresa, and Joseph II. * Tried to **integrate** the ideals of **Enlightenment** into their **absolute monarchies**. * **Enlightened absolutism**: despots are justified having absolute power if they use that power for the common good of their subjects.

Question 67

# Identify: **4 causes** of the **French Revolution**.

Answer 67

1. **Economic hardship** due to national debt and high taxes. 2. **Social inequality** between the estates, particularly the burden on the Third Estate. 3. **Enlightenment** **ideas** promoting liberty, equality, and democracy. 4. **Political corruption** and the ineffective leadership of King Louis XVI.

Question 68

# Explain: What actions did the **National Assembly** take during the French Revolution?

Answer 68

* Consisting of those middle and lower class individuals who represented the common people, they established the first reforms of the **French Revolution**. * They made the first break with the old regime in the **Tennis Court Oath** and then proclaimed the **Declaration of the Rights of Man**, outlining the goals of the new government.

Question 69

# Describe: The **Reign of Terror** and its significance.

Answer 69

* **Period of extreme violence during the French Revolution** marked by mass executions of perceived enemies of the revolution. * Significantly shaped the revolution's radical phase and led to political instability and the rise of **Napoleon Bonaparte**.

Question 70

# Describe: How did **Napoleon Bonaparte's military strategies and campaigns** influence the course of European history in the early 19th century?

Answer 70

* His innovative tactics, such as the use of corps system and rapid maneuvers, revolutionized **military strategy** and led to numerous significant victories. * His campaigns **redrew the map of Europe**, spreading revolutionary ideals and leading to the eventual rise of nationalism and reshaping of political boundaries.

Question 71

# Explain: In what ways did Napoleon's legal and administrative reforms, such as the **Napoleonic Code**, impact the legal systems and governance structures in Europe and beyond?

Answer 71

* Established principles of **equality before the law**, property rights, and secular legal frameworks, influencing many modern legal systems. * Administrative reforms centralized authority and improved efficiency, setting precedents for modern **state governance** and **bureaucratic** structures.

Question 72

# Identify: What were the key factors that led to the **rise** and eventual **downfall** of **Napoleon Bonaparte**?

Answer 72

**Rise**: * Military prowess * Political acumen * Instability of revolutionary France, which allowed him to seize power **Downfall**: * Overextension in military campaigns, particularly the disastrous invasion of Russia, and the coalition of European powers against him. * Led to his exile and the eventual restoration of monarchies at the Congress of Vienna.

Question 73

# Explain: How did the contrasting political ideologies of **conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism** shape the political landscape and social reforms in 19th-century Europe?

Answer 73

* **Conservatism**: preserved traditional institutions and monarchies, resisted rapid social changes. * Led to events like the **Congress of Vienna** aimed at restoring pre-revolutionary order. * **Liberalism** and **nationalism**: promoted ideas of individual freedoms, representative government, and self-determination. * Led to movements such as the **Revolutions of 1848** and the unification processes in Germany and Italy.

Question 74

# Explain: How do the principles of **socialism** address the issue of economic inequality?

Answer 74

* Aimed to reduce economic inequality by advocating for the **redistribution of wealth through progressive taxation**, social welfare programs, and public ownership of key industries. * Prevented the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few individuals or corporations by promoting **collective ownership** and control of the means of production (factories, land, etc.).

Question 75

# Explain: What were the primary **causes and long-term impacts** of the **Latin American revolutions** of the early 19th century on the political, social, and economic structures of the newly independent nations?

Answer 75

* Desired **independence** from Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule. * Influenced by **Enlightenment ideas** and the success of other revolutions such as the American and French Revolutions. * Led to the **establishment of independent nations**, significantly altering political structures by ending colonial administrations.

Question 76

# Explain: Why were there many **revolutions** in Europe in 1848?

Answer 76

* Widespread **economic distress**, including **food shortages** due to poor harvests, high unemployment, and the impact of the Industrial Revolution, led to widespread dissatisfaction among the working classes and peasants. * Growing **discontent with autocratic rule**, lack of political freedoms, and the influence of nationalist and liberal ideas inspired various social groups.

Question 77

# Explain: Significance of the **Crimean War** (1853–1856).

Answer 77

* **Redefined European Alliances**: The Crimean War led to the reorganization of alliances, weakening the Concert of Europe and setting the stage for future conflicts, including the rise of nationalism. * **End of Russian Expansion**: The war marked a significant setback for Russian ambitions in the Black Sea region, limiting its influence and prompting reforms within the Russian Empire. * **Advances in Warfare and Medicine**: The conflict highlighted the need for modern military strategies and medical care, leading to innovations such as the use of field hospitals and improved battlefield medicine.

Question 78

# Identify: Who was **Alexander II of Russia** and what were his achievements?

Answer 78

* Tsar of Russia during the Crimean War. * Improved railroads, freed the serfs, opened up freedom of the press, created local assemblies, and increased access to schools.

Question 79

# Explain: What were the key **factors** that prompted **Japan's rapid Westernization** during the **Meiji Era** (1868-1912), and how did this transformation impact Japan's political, economic, and social structures?

Answer 79

* Desired to **prevent colonization**, emulate Western technological and military advancements, and modernize its economy. * Replaced the feudal system with a **centralized government** and constitutional monarchy (Meiji Constitution, 1889). * **Modernized its economy** through industrialization and infrastructure development. * Altered its **social structures** by adopting Western education, legal systems, and cultural practices, while diminishing the power of the samurai class.

Question 80

# Explain: What were the driving forces behind **Japanese imperialism** in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and how did it impact East Asia's geopolitical dynamics?

Answer 80

* Desired **economic resources, military expansion, and national prestige**. * Influenced by **Western imperialist** models and the need to secure Japan’s position as a regional power. * Significantly altered East Asia’s geopolitical dynamics, led to conflicts such as the **Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars**. * Contributed to **regional instability** and the eventual outbreak of World War II in the Pacific.

Question 81

# Explain: How did **European imperialism** in the 19th and early 20th centuries **shape global economic systems** and socio-political structures in the colonized regions?

Answer 81

* Established global economic systems centered around **resource extraction** and trade to benefit the colonizers * Imposed new **socio-political structures** that often disrupted and reshaped the indigenous societies in the colonized regions.

Question 82

# Explain: What were the motivations behind **American imperialism** in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and how did it affect the political and economic landscapes of the territories involved?

Answer 82

* Driven by **economic interests**, strategic considerations, and the belief in **Manifest Destiny**. * Reshaped the **political and economic** landscapes of territories such as Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Hawaii by integrating them into the U.S. sphere of influence and transforming their governance and economies.

Question 83

# Explain: How did the **conflict** between **Russia** and the **Ottoman Empire** come to its conclusion?

Answer 83

* Ottoman massacre of rebelling Slavic Christians prompted Russia to intervene and defeat the Turks at the **Siege of Pleven** (1877) during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). * **Treaty of San Stefano** (1878) expanded Russian control, but European powers, wary of Russia's growing influence, forced the **Treaty of Berlin** (1878), which reallocated much of the Ottoman Empire's territory while awarding Russia lands in the Caucasus.

Question 84

# Explain: What were the long-term **geopolitical and socio-economic impacts of the Berlin Conference** on the African continent and global colonial dynamics?

Answer 84

* Established the framework for the **partition of Africa** among European powers. * Led to significant geopolitical reconfigurations and long-term socio-economic challenges for the African continent due to arbitrary borders and **exploitative colonial practices.** ## Footnote Held from 1884 to 1885.

Question 85

# Explain: How did the rise of **New Imperialism** in the late 19th and early 20th centuries transform the political, economic, and social landscapes of Asian countries?

Answer 85

* Led to the **exploitation of Asian** **resources** and **markets**. * European powers established colonies and spheres of influence that disrupted traditional economies and imposed **foreign economic** systems. * The political landscape was altered by the **imposition of colonial rule** and borders, which often exacerbated regional conflicts, suppressed local autonomy, and introduced new social hierarchies and governance structures.

Question 86

# Explain: How was World War I unique in terms of its methods of **warfare and military technology**?

Answer 86

* Extensive use of **trench warfare**, created static front lines and led to grueling and protracted battles. * Introduced **new military technologies and tactics**, including machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and aircraft, which significantly changed combat strategies. * Involved massive **mobilization of national economies and resources**, with unprecedented scale and destruction impacting both soldiers and civilians.

Question 87

# Identify: What were the **causes** of **WWI**?

Answer 87

* **Nationalism**. * Military and economic growth in **Germany**. * The formation of **alliances**. * Assassination of **Archduke Franz Ferdinand** in Sarajevo.

Question 88

# Explain: What were the major political, economic, and social **consequences** of **World War I** on the global stage?

Answer 88

* Led to the **collapse of empires** (Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian, and German), the redrawing of national borders, and the rise of new political ideologies, including communism and fascism. * Caused **widespread economic disruption**, including massive debts and inflation, and led to significant economic shifts as countries transitioned from wartime economies to peacetime recovery.

Question 89

# Identify: Causes of the **Russian Revolution** in 1905.

Answer 89

* Autocratic rule under Tsar Nicholas II * Lack of political freedoms * Ineffective governance * Severe economic inequality * Military failures

Question 90

# Identify: Main **events** of the **Russian Revolution**.

Answer 90

* The **Revolution of 1905** in which workers tried to achieve mild reforms but ultimately failed. * The **February Revolution** which established a democracy in Russia. * The **October Revolution** which established a **Communist** government and abolished democracy.

Question 91

# Explain: What were the key factors that contributed to the **rise** and eventual **collapse** of the **Soviet Union**?

Answer 91

* Emerged from the 1917 **Russian Revolution and Civil War**. * Established a **communist state under Lenin and later Stalin**, who implemented rapid industrialization and centralized control, consolidating power and expanding influence. * By the 1970s and 1980s, **economic stagnation, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and political corruption** weakened the Soviet system, undermining its ability to compete globally and address internal issues. * **Collapsed in 1991** due to a combination of economic crises, rising nationalist movements within its republics, and the political reforms (perestroika and glasnost) introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev.

Question 92

# Explain: What were the key **factors** and agreements that led to the **end** of **World War I** and how did they shape the post-war geopolitical landscape?

Answer 92

* Marked by the signing of the **Treaty of Versailles**. * Agreements imposed **heavy reparations** and territorial losses on the Central Powers. * Redrew national **boundaries**. * Set the stage for significant **geopolitical** shifts and tensions leading to future conflicts.

Question 93

# Identify: What were the primary **causes** and significant global **impacts** of **World War II**?

Answer 93

**Causes**: * Unresolved issues from World War I * Rise of totalitarian regimes * Aggressive expansionist policies, **Impacts**: * Redrawing of borders * Establishment of the United Nations * Onset of the Cold War.

Question 94

# Explain: How did the **alliances** formed during World War II shape the geopolitical landscape of the post-war world?

Answer 94

* Led to the division of Europe into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. * Establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

Question 95

# Explain: What were the major **technological and tactical innovations** during **World War II**, and how did they influence the outcome of the war?

Answer 95

* **Innovations** during World War II included radar, jet engines, and the development of nuclear weapons. * Enhanced **military** capabilities and provided strategic advantages to the Allies. * **Tactical** innovations, such as blitzkrieg warfare and amphibious assaults, allowed for rapid and decisive military operations.

Question 96

# Identify: What were the key **characteristics** and **impacts** of **Stalinism** on the Soviet Union and its citizens?

Answer 96

**Characteristics**: * Authoritarian rule * Widespread political purges * Forced collectivization * Rapid industrialization * Cult of personality **Impacts**: * Transformed its economy and society * Extensive repression and human suffering.

Question 97

# Describe: How does the **United Nations** work to maintain international peace and security, and what are some of the challenges it faces in fulfilling this role?

Answer 97

* Peacekeeping missions, conflict mediation, and sanctions. * Faces challenges such as political disagreements among member states, limited resources, and the complexity of modern conflicts.

Question 98

# Identify: **6 principal organs** that make up the **U.N.**

Answer 98

1. The General Assembly 2. The Security Council 3. Economic and Social Council 4. Trusteeship Council 5. International Court of Justice 6. U.N. Secretariat

Question 99

# Explain: How did changes in politics affect the international system **post Cold War**?

Answer 99

* **Democratization**: Starting in the early 1990s, the Soviet military withdrew from Eastern Europe, allowing those countries, which were formerly dictatorships, to transition to democracy and integrate into the world economy. * **Disarmament**: The U.S. and Russia both significantly reduced their stockpiles.

Question 100

# Explain: How were societies and economy changed in the international system **post Cold War**?

Answer 100

* **Economic and Trade Competition**: It shifted the focus from political confrontation to economic and trade competition. * **Globalization**: It is the process through which civilizations, cultures, and economies interact with each other. * **Reconfiguration of Power Dynamics**: Countries like **Turkey** sought to increase their power and influence in regions such as the Caspian and Middle East.