IB

Question 1

Genetic Diversity

Answer 1

Amount of variation in inherited trait’s between individuals of the same species

Question 2

Species Diversity

Answer 2

Number of different species

Question 3

Natural Classification

Answer 3

Classification based on evolutionary relationships

Advantages: Identification is easier and can predict characteristics of species within a group (All members of a group evolved from common ancestor)

Question 4

Artificial Classification

Answer 4

Based on non-evolutionary features, does not account for species relatedness

Question 5

Phylogenetic Classification

Answer 5

Classification based on genetic features

Question 6

Taxonomic System

Answer 6

Classification system that infers relationships among organisms (helps identify organisms and recognize similarities between groups of organisms)

D.K.P.C.O.F.G.S

As u go down there are fewer species but more characteristics are shared

Question 7

Domains: Eukaryota

Answer 7

Eukaryotes, uni/multi cellular, sexual reproduction, phenotypes, nutrition is diverse and kingdoms have specializations

80S ribosomes
Histones and Introns

Question 8

Domain: Eubacteria

Answer 8

Prokaryotes, unicellular, no membrane bound nucleus, asexual reproduction, variety of habitats, mixtrophic

70S ribosomes
Histones and Introns

Question 9

Domain: Archaebacteria

Answer 9

Prokaryotes, unicellular, asexual reproduction, chemo/heterotrophs, extreme environments

70S ribosomes
No Histones or introns

Question 10

Kingdoms: Archaea

Answer 10

Unicellular prokaryotes (extreme environments)

Question 11

Kingdoms: Bacteria

Answer 11

Unicellular prokaryotes (variety of environments)

Question 12

Kingdoms: Protista

Answer 12

Uni/multicellular eukaryotes

Question 13

Kingdoms: Fungi

Answer 13

Uni/multicellular eukaryotes that use enzymes to digest food (heterotrophs)

Question 14

Kingdoms: Plantae

Answer 14

Multicellular eukaryotes (photosynthesis)

Question 15

Kingdoms: Animalia

Answer 15

Multicellular eukaryotes (heterotrophs)

Question 16

Plant Phyla: Bryophyte

Answer 16

No “true” roots, stems or leaves, anchored by root like structures (rhizoids), no phloem/xylem (no vasculation), reproduces via spores

Question 17

Plant Phyla: Filicinophyta

Answer 17

Has roots, stems and leaves (branch into leaflets), has vasuculation system, reproduces via spores

Question 18

Plant Phyla: Coniferophyta

Answer 18

Has root, stems (woody) and leaves (needle like), has vasulation system, reproduces via cones

Question 19

Plant Phyla: Angiospermaphyta

Answer 19

Have leaves, roots and stems, variable in structure, have vasculation, reproduction via fruits and flowers

Question 20

Animal Phyla: Porifera

Answer 20

Asymmetrical, no mouth/anus, Silca or calcium carbonate based, stationary (sea sponge)

Question 21

Animal Phyla: Cnidaria

Answer 21

Radial symmetry (circular), mouth but no anus, may have stinging tentacles, coral secrete calcium carbonate skeleton (coral, jellyfish, anemones)

Question 22

Animal Phyla: Platyhelminthes

Answer 22

Bilateral symmetry, mouth but no anus, flat (SA:V ratio high for diffusion), parasitic (Tapeworms)

Question 23

Animal Phyla: Annelida

Answer 23

Bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, ringed segments with parasaltic contractions (leech, earthworms)

Question 24

Animal Phyla: Mollusca

Answer 24

Bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, visceral mass, muscular foot and mantle and diverse in size/anatomy (squid, slugs)

Question 25

Animal Phyla: Anthropoda

Answer 25

Bilateral symmetry, separate mouth and anus, jointed body secretions and appendages, exoskeleton, less than 80% of things are anthropoda (spiders)

Question 26

Animal Phyla: Chordata

Answer 26

Bilateral symmetry, mouth and anus, nerve tube developed into spine (vertebrae, exceptions are hagfish)

Question 27

Phylogeny

Answer 27

History of evolution (cladistics show evolutionary relationships based on common ancestry)

Question 28

Clade

Answer 28

Group of organisms that consists of common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 29

Caveats to Using Structural Data

Answer 29

Distantly related organisms can show similar features (analogous) due to convergent evolution Closely related organisms may exhibit distinct features (homologous)

Question 30

Molecular Evidence

Answer 30

More reliable then structural evidence to determine phylogenetic relationships

Question 31

Molecular Evidence (Non-Coding DNA, Gene Sequences, Amino Acid Sequences)

Answer 31

N.C.D- Mutates fastest and doesn’t impact protein function G.S- Mutates slowly and alters protein structure A.A.S- Mutates slow, condon degeneracy

Question 32

Molecular Clock

Answer 32

DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time amount different organisms

Question 33

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 33

Inherited maternally, no meiosis, high mutation rate, ideal for comparison of diverged species