IBC FINAL VOCAB Flashcards
(32 cards)
4: Atom
the smallest part of a chemical element that can exist and still have the element’s properties. the building blocks of matter
4: nucleus
- The nucleus is a small, dense region at the center of the atom.
- It consists of positive protons and neutral neutrons,
- Because the protons are positive and neutrons are neutral, it has an overall positive charge
- The nucleus is just a tiny part of the atom, but it contains virtually all of the atom’s mass.
4: proton
- Positively charged
- Located inside nucleus
- Included in the atom’s mass
- 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
- Atomic number = # protons
- Determines the element’s identity
4: neutron
- No charge
- Located inside nucleus
- Included in the atom’s mass
- 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
- May not always be the same number as number of protons
- Mass number - atomic number = # of neutrons
4: electron
- Negatively charged
- Located outside the nucleus
- Does not contribute to atom’s mass
- 1/1840 atomic mass units (amu)
- In a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are equal
4: atomic number
tells how many protons the atom of the element contains, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. The atomic number identifies the element.
- mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. to find, round atomic mass to nearest whole number.
OR
(the atomic mass rounded to a whole number)
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
- atomic mass unit
the unit used to measure the mass of subatomic particles
- isotope
- atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
- Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.
- Same atomic number (same number of protons)
- Different number of neutrons
- Chemically alike
- Every element has naturally occurring isotopes
- Isotopes occur in different abundance levels
- Not all isotopes are stable
- percent abundance
the percent makeup of the element by the individual isotopes
- atomic mass
the weighted average mass of all isotopes of the element
- atomic orbital
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- electron cloud
“massless” electrons circle nucleus billions of times per second
- The location of the electrons in the quantum mechanical model of the atom
- wave functions
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- energy level
- Energy levels (also called electron shells) are fixed distances from the nucleus of an atom where electrons may be found.
- Electrons in energy level I (also called energy level K) have the
least amount of energy. - As you go farther from the nucleus, electrons at higher levels have more energy.
- Electrons can jump from a lower to the next higher energy level if they absorb this amount of energy.
- Electrons jump from a higher to a lower energy level, they give off energy, often in the form of light.
- ground state electron configuration
- The arrangement of the electrons in the atom
- As electrons move further
away from the nucleus they
increase in energy.
- aufbau principle
states that each electron occupies the
lowest energy orbital available
- pauli exclusion principle
states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins.
- hund’s rule
states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons can occupy the same energy level orbitals.
- orbital filling diagram
A diagram that represents and guided electron configuration within orbitals
- noble gas configuration
- The noble gasses are in the last group to the right side of the periodic table.
- They are the last “parking spot” on an energy level.
- We can use these to write an abbreviated configuration. By using a particular noble gas, we are saying that the electron count up to that point is understood.
- valence electron
Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. They determine many of the properties of an atom, including how reactive they are.
- electromagnetic wave
- waves that consist of vibrating
electric and magnetic fields. - They transfer energy through matter or across space.
- begins when an electrically charged particle vibrates.
This causes a vibrating electric field, which creates a vibrating magnetic field. The two vibrating fields together form an electromagnetic wave. - When they strike matter, they may be
reflected, refracted, or diffracted. They may also be absorbed by matter and converted to other forms of energy. - The most important source of electromagnetic waves on Earth is the sun.
- other sources of electromagnetic waves depend on technology such as: Radio waves, microwaves, and x-rays.
PROPERTIES
- All electromagnetic waves travel across space at the speed of light (3.0 x 10^8 m/s).
- vary in wavelength and frequency.
- Longer wavelength electromagnetic waves have lower frequencies
- Shorter wavelength waves have higher frequencies.
- Higher frequency waves have more energy.
- electromagnetic radiation
- The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
CHARACTERICSTICS
- acts like waves and particles (photons)
- doesn’t need a medium through which to travel
- All travel at the speed of light c = 2.998 x 108 m/sec
- The higher the frequency the more energy the wave has
- There is an inverse relationship between wavelength and frequency - as wavelengths get smaller, frequencies get higher and energy increases
