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IBC FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Know how to calculate average atomic mass for an element based on the data from stable isotopes (percent abundance)

A

umm idk how to explain…

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2
Q

What is the nucleus?

A
  • The nucleus is a small, dense region at the center of the atom.
  • It consists of positive protons and neutral neutrons,
  • Because the protons are positive and neutrons are neutral, it has an overall positive charge
  • The nucleus is just a tiny part of the atom, but it contains virtually all of the atom’s mass.
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3
Q

What is atomic number?

A

tells how many protons the atom of the element contains, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element. The atomic number identifies the element.

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4
Q

What is mass number?

A

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. to find, round atomic mass to nearest whole number.
OR
(the atomic mass rounded to a whole number)
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

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5
Q

What is an isotope?

A
  • atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
  • Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.
    • Same atomic number (same number of protons)
    • Different number of neutrons
  • Chemically alike
  • Every element has naturally occurring isotopes
  • Isotopes occur in different abundance levels
  • Not all isotopes are stable
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6
Q

What is the electron cloud?

A

“massless” electrons circle nucleus billions of times per second
- The location of the electrons in the quantum mechanical model of the atom

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7
Q

What is the current atomic theory?

A

the electron cloud model

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8
Q

What was Dalton’s atomic theory?

A

mater is made of atoms, and atoms of the same element are identical

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9
Q

What was Thomson’s atomic theory?

A

atoms contain subatomic particles

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10
Q

what was Rutherford’s atomic theory?

A

atoms have a nucleus surrounded by empty space

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11
Q

What was Bohr’s atomic theory?

A

electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits

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12
Q

what was the Shrodinger/Heisenberg atomic theory?

A

electrons move in waves, and an electron cloud surrounding the nucleus represents where an electron should be (also called the electron cloud model)

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13
Q

aufbau principle

A

states that each electron occupies the
lowest energy orbital available

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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What 3 subatomic particles do atoms contain?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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17
Q

where can you find protons and what is their charge?

A

in the nucleus, positive charge

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18
Q

where can you find electrons and what is their charge

A

outside the nucleus, negative charge

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19
Q

where can you find neutrons, and what is their charge?

A

in the nucleus, neutral charge

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20
Q

what is average atomic mass?

A

the average mass of all isotopes and their abundance

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21
Q

What are the 4 orbital shapes?

A

s - sphere, p - peanut, d - double peanut, f - flower

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22
Q

what are the steps for electron configuration?

A
  1. write the number of the energy level (shell)
  2. write the letter of the orbitals(sublevel or subshell)
  3. write the number of electrons in that orbital
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23
Q

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma ray (raging marshians invaded Venus using x-ray guns)

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24
Q

What is wavelength?

A

the distance between crests

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25
what is amplitude
height from zero to crest
26
What is frequency?
number of wave cycles per unit of time, measured in Hertz (Hz)
27
what is the product of frequency and wavelength?
the speed of light
28
what is the equation for finding wavelength, given frequency?
wavelength = speed of light/frequency
29
how do you find the energy of photons?
E = hv OR E = h speed of light * wavelength energy of photons (E) = planck's constant (h) x frequency (V)
30
What is planck's constant?
6.626 x 10^-34 Js
31
What happens when an atom absorbs energy?
electrons move into higher levels, entering the excited state, but lose energy by emitting light when they return to their lower level, because the excited state is unstable
32
who created the first accepted version of the periodic table?
Dmitri Mendeleev
33
How did Dmitri Medeleev group elements?
He grouped elements by atomic mass
34
What did Dmitri Mendeleev realize when he grouped his elements?
groups/columns had similar chemical properties
35
What are some properties of metals?
Good conductors of heat and electricity, shiny, and ductile
36
What are some properties of non metals?
poor conductors, not malleable or ductile, brittle, dull
37
What are metalloids?
elements with properties of both metals and nonmetals
38
What is electron shielding?
the blocking of valence shell electron attraction by the nucleus due to the presence of inner shell electrons
39
what is ionization energy?
the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state
40
what is the periodic trend and group trend of ionization energy?
from left to right ionization energy increases, because atomic size decreases. From top to bottom ionization energy decreases, as atomic size increases
41
What is the ionic radius of a cation compared to a neutral atom?
cations are smaller because losing an electron results in more attraction from the nucleus
42
what is the periodic trend and group trend of ionic radius?
left to right, decreases. down a column, increases
43
What is electronegativity?
the ability of an atom in a compound to attract electrons
44
what is the periodic trend and group trend of electronegativity?
as you move left to right, it increases, and as you move down, it decreases
45
what are covalent bonds?
- sharing of electrons between non-metals - electronegativity difference < 2.0 - not water soluble
46
What is the electronegativity difference of polar covalent bonds>
> 0.5 < 2
47
what is the electronegativity difference of non-polar covalent bonds?
< 0.5
48
what is an ionic bond?
- occur when an atom transfers electrons to another atom - bonds between metals and nonmetals - electronegativity is > 2.0 - called salts or crystals - water soluble
49
what is a hydrogen bond?
- intermolecular bond - formed between molecules that have polar covalent bonds - H-O, H-N, H-F - the partial positive charge of hydrogen is attracted to the partial negative charge of a different atom
50
What kind of bond does water contain?
polar covalent bonds between oxygen an hydrogen
51
What are the properties of water?
- high melting/boiling point - ice less dense than water - good solvent - cohesion AND adhesion - surface tension - universal solvent
52
What is pH?
the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
53
What is a buffer?
A solution that resists change in pH by either absorbing excess hydrogen ions or donating them
54
What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins
55
what is a monomer?
the building blocks of a polymer
56
what are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides and polysaccharides
57
What are some examples of complex carbohydrates?
starch (can be broken down into glucose for energy), glycogen (animals store sugar in the form of glycogen), and cellulose (structural materials in plants' cell walls and stems)
58
What are the monomers of fat?
fatty acids and glycerol are monomers
59
What are phospholipids?
lipids similar to fats but that only have 2 fatty acids
60
What is special about phospholipids?
They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that form the bilayer of cell membranes. The tails face each other, and the heads face outwards
61
What is triglyceride (fat) composed of?
3 fatty acid chains and a glycerol
62
What are waxes?
contains one fatty acid linked to a long chain alcohol. more hydrophobic than fats and are found on the coatings for fruits, plants, and insects
63
What are steroids?
carbon skeleton forms four fused rings, found in cholesterol and hormones
64
Where are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
65
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
66
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
67
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
68
What is dehydration synthesis?
Monomers link together to form polymers by losing water
69
what is hydrolysis?
polymers are broken down into monomers using the reverse reaction of dehydration synthesis. They gain water, which breaks bonds
70
What are the 5 functional groups essential to life?
hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, amino group, and phosphate group
71
What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acid chains are monomers, triglycerides, steroids, waxes, and phospholipids are polymers
72
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats (triglycerides)?
Saturated - all three fatty acid chains have single bonds, allowing for a maximum number of hydrogen atoms Unsaturated - one or more fatty acid chains have one or more double bonds.
73
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74
What are lipids?
nonpolar molecules that are not attracted to water - hydrophobic
75
What is the function of carbohydrates?
provide energy
76
What are the functions of lipids?
insulation, cushioning, organs, provide energy
77
What are nucleic acids?
polymers that serve as the blueprints for proteins
78
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
79
What is DNA?
- deoxyribonucleic acid - Contains genes that sequence amino acids to code for proteins. - Double strand
80
What is RNA?
- ribonucleic acid - Copies information from DNA and translates it into protein structure. - Single strand
81
How many different amino acids are there in the human body and how do they differ?
There are 20, and they only have different R (side chain) groups
82
What are the 3 parts of an amino acid?
an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain (R-group)
83
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IBC (3 decks)

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