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PR3154 > IC2 RBC, platelets & haemostasis > Flashcards

IC2 RBC, platelets & haemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Facts about blood:
pH of blood - ?
% of of weight - ?%
Volume of blood in males - ?
Volume of blood in females - ?
Temperature of blood in our body - ?

A

pH of blood - 7.35-7.45
% of of weight - 8%
Volume of blood in males - 5-6L
Volume of blood in females - 4-5L
Temperature of blood in our body - 38℃

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2
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

What is plasma is made up of?
(Include percentages of its components)

A
  1. Water - 92%
  2. Proteins - 7%
  3. Other solutes - 1%
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4
Q

What are the 3 main types of protein present in the plasma?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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5
Q

What are the 2 functions of albumin?

A
  1. Act as carrier protein
  2. Maintain osmotic pressure
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6
Q

What are the 2 functions of globulin?

A
  1. Immune function
  2. Clotting
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7
Q

What is the main function of fibrinogen?

A

To be converted into fibrin, which assist in clotting.

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8
Q

What is the function of RBC?

A

To carry O2 to the cells and CO2 away from the cells

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9
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Haematocrit is the percentage of blood that is RBC.

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10
Q

What are the haematocrit levels in males and females?

A

Males - 46% haematocrit

Females - 42% haematocrit

RBC makes up 46% of blood in males’ bodies.

RBC makes up 42% of blood in females’ bodies

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11
Q

What is the definition of anaemia in terms of haematocrit?

A

Anaemia is when haematocrit is too low

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12
Q

What is the definition of polycythemia in terms of haematocrit?

A

Polycythemia is when haematocrit is too high

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13
Q

Describe the process of haemostasis.
(There are 3 stages)

A

Stage 1:
- Breakage in smooth muscles of the blood vessel will lead to vasoconstriction.
- Constriction of blood vessels reduces the amount of blood flowing through the damaged region, reducing blood loss

Stage 2:
- Breakage in the smooth muscle of the blood vessel exposes collagen fibers.

      - Collagen fibers will then attract platelets to bind to it via Von Willebrand's factor (vWF). This leads to the formation of the platelet plug.

      - When platelets bind to the collagen fibers:
                  - It releases granules containing ADP, thromboxane A2 and etc.
                  - ADP attracts more platelets to bind
                  - Thromboxane A2 promotes aggregation & further vasoconstriction.
                  - Secretes factor II which activates other factors, leading to activation of factor X, which converts prothrombin into thrombin.
                  - Secretes factor XIII

      - Thrombin then activates fibrinogen into fibrin
      - Thrombin also activates factor XIII to XIIIa

Stage 3:
- Fibrin helps to reinforce the clot but it is not strong enough
- Factor XIIIa helps to form cross-links between fibrin to strengthen it
- Blood vessel wall is no longer bleeding
- Remodeling occurs to fix the breakage, repairing the blood vessel

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14
Q

Summary of the things produced by platelets

A

Platelets releases:

  1. Granules - contains ADP, Tbx A2, Factor III, Factor XIII

ADP - attracts more platelets
Tbx A2 - promote aggregation & further vasoconstriction
Factor III - activates other factors which leads to activation of factor X. Factor X activates prothrombin to thrombin.
Factor XIII - helps in formation of cross-links between fibrin

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15
Q

What are the 2 components that make up haemoglobin?

A
  1. Heme
  2. Globin
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16
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of heme?

A
  1. Heme is a pigment, not a protein
  2. It contains 1 Fe atom which can bind to 1 O2 molecule
  3. Binding is weak and reversible
  4. A Hgb molecule contains 4 heme group, which allows it to bind to 4 O2 molecule
17
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of globin?

A
  1. Globin is made of 4 folded polypeptide chains - 2 alpha & 2 beta chains
  2. Each chain contains 1 heme group
  3. Amino acid sequence at each chain determines O2 binding affinity
18
Q

How does site of erythropoiesis change with age?

A

Fetus - yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph node
<5yo - all bone marrow
5-20yo - Bone marrow in ribs, sternum, vertebrae, proximal end of long bones
>20yo - Bone marrow in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae

19
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys to increase rate of RBC production, in response to a fall in O2 levels in the tissues.

20
Q

What are the 6 factors that can trigger erythropoietin release by the kidneys?

A
  1. Hypoxia due to decrease RBC number or function
  2. Decrease O2 availability
  3. Increase tissue demand for O2
  4. Anaemia
  5. Decrease blood flow to kidney
  6. Blood donation
21
Q

List the progression from erythroblast to mature RBC.

A

Erythroblast → Normoblast → Reticulocytes → RBC

22
Q

What are the 4 symptoms of anaemia?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Paleness
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Chills
23
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Failure of the bone marrow to make enough RBCs

24
Q

What are the 2 causes of polycythemia?

A
  1. Tumour or tumour-like condition in the bone marrow
  2. Dehydration
25
Q

What is the effect of polycythemia on blood?

A

It makes blood very viscous, potentially plugging the capillaries.

26
Q

What are the definition of these 4 types of leukocyte disorders?

  1. Leukopenia
  2. Leukocytosis
  3. Leukemia
  4. Lymphoma
A
  1. Leukopenia - too few leukocytes
  2. Leukocytosis - higher than normal WBC count (can be a normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
  3. Leukemia - cancer located in blood
  4. Lymphoma - cancer located in lymphatic system
27
Q

What are the 3 pathways in fibrin activation?

A
  1. Extrinsic pathway
  2. Intrinsic Pathway
  3. Common pathway
28
Q

What are the factors involved in all 3 pathways?

A

Intrinsic pathways - 12,11,9,10
Extrinsic - Tissue factor 3, factor 7
Common pathway - 10, 13

Tissue factor 3 is only expressed in damaged tissues or on the outside of vessels, in the extrinsic route.

Platelet factor 3 is expressed by platelet in the intrinsic route

https://nusu-my.sharepoint.com/:i:/r/personal/e0725451_u_nus_edu/Documents/Pharmacy/Year%203/Y3S2/PR3154/ICs/IC2%20-%20Blood%20composition%20%26%20function/Summary%20slide%20of%20the%203%20pathways.png?csf=1&web=1&e=DGDJfm

29
Q

What is clot retraction?

A

It is the shrinking & stabilization of a blood clot. This pulls the edge of the blood vessel walls closer together.

30
Q

What are the 4 agents that can prevent blood clotting?

A
  1. Prostacyclin - inhibits platelet activation
  2. Serotonin - inhibits ADP at high conc
  3. Artificial anticoagulants - Vit K antagonist (warfarin)
  4. Endogenous anticoagulants - heparin, tPA
31
Q

Describe the process of fibrinolysis:

A
  1. During clot formation, plasminogen is trapped inside the clot
  2. Surrounding tissue & vascular endothelial cells slowly release tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
  3. tPA activates the inactive plasminogen to plasmin
  4. Plasmin digest fibrin, leading to dissolution of the clot.
32
Q

What are the 3 tests for blood coagulation?

A
  1. Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
  2. Prothrombin time (PT)
  3. Internationalized ratio (INR)

PR3154 (19 decks)

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