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3152 > IC6 > Flashcards

IC6 Flashcards

1
Q

The lymphoid (lymphatic or immune) system consists of cells, tissues and organs that are involved in the ______

A

defense of the body against invasion by bacteria, viruses and other foreign bodies.

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2
Q

Examples of primary lymphoid tissue

A

Thymus, bone marrow

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3
Q

Diff btw Primary and secondary Lymphoid tissue

A

Primary: origin of lymphocytes
Secondary: where lymphocytes reside and function

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4
Q

Shape of lymph nodes

A

Bean-shaped

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5
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate and mature in the ______

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

T lymphocytes differentiate and mature in the ____

A

thymus

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7
Q

Location of thymus

A

Between lungs, above heart

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8
Q

Change in thymus over time

A

Becomes more fibrous and fat as it has encountered more antigens hence become less active

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9
Q

Does thymus contain afferent and efferent vessels?

A

no afferent lymphatic vessels but efferent vessels are present

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10
Q

Epithelial reticular cells (EC) are thought to produce thymosin and thymopoetin, which promote _____

A

T cell differentiation and proliferation

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11
Q

Negative selection in medulla allows survival only of ______

A

T cells that do not tightly bind self antigens presented by dendritic cells there

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12
Q

Positive selection in cortex allows survival only of _____

A

T cells with functional TCRs recognizing both MHC I and II molecules

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13
Q

Location of lymph nodes

A

Thorax (near armpit) & abdomen

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14
Q

Do lymph nodes contain afferent and efferent vessels?

A

Yes for both

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15
Q

Lymphocytes in the blood enter through the walls of postcapillary venules (also known as _____) in the lymph node

A

high endothelial venules

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16
Q

Which organ is the largest single lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

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17
Q

What is the red and white pulp found in the spleen?

A

Red pulp: splenic cord
White pulp: lymphatic nodule

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18
Q

Red pulp cords is also known as ____

A

Billroth’s cords

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19
Q

Splenic sinusoids are characterised by

A

▪ Wide and irregular lumen
▪ Discontinuous lining of endothelial cells (stave cells)

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20
Q

Type of cells in the anterior pituitary

A

*Chromophils (secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules)
– Acidophils
– Basophils

*Chromophobes (degranulated chromophil cells)

*Melanotrophs

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21
Q

Various hormones secreted by acidophils

A

– Acidophils
* Somatotrophs (growth hormone)
* Mammotrophs (prolactin)

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22
Q

Various hormones secreted by basophils

A

– Basophils
* Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH )
* Corticotrophs (ACTH or corticotropin)
* Thyrotrophs ( TSH )

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23
Q

Various hormones secreted by melanotrophs

A

Melanotrophs
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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24
Q

Parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior - Pars distalis, Pars intermedia, Pars tuberalis

Posterior - neural stalk, pars nervosa

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25
Q

control of anterior pituitary function

A

Anterior pituitary control by the hypothalamic hypohyseal portal system (primary and secondary capillary plexus)

Additional control is by negative feedback which depends on plasma levels of hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

26
Q

2 functional groups of hormones

A

Hormones directly acting on non-endocrine tissues e.g. growth
hormone, prolactin, ADH

Hormones modulating the activity of other endocrine glands e.g. TSH, FSH, LH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

27
Q

control of posterior pituitary function

A

Posterior pituitary secretion -Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract (Axons)

28
Q

structure of the adrenal medulla

A

Large polyhedral and pale staining chromaffin cells

29
Q

Identify the three layers of the adrenal cortex and its respective hormones

A

Zona Glomerulosa (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids, adrenal androgens)
Zona reticularis (glucocorticoids, Androgens)

30
Q

Pancreas – differentiate the islets of Langerhans from the exocrine cells

A

Endocrine cells appear rounded or
polygonal,smaller and lightly stained than exocrine cells

31
Q

different types of islet cells

A

Alpha, beta, Delta, PP/F cells

32
Q

Role of oxytocin

A

Oxytocin causes uterine contraction during labour and milk expulsion from mammary gland

33
Q

Role of ADH

A

ADH mainly acts on renal tubules, reducing urinary flow by increasing water absorption

34
Q

Organs not under pituitary control

A

Pancreas , Adrenal medulla , Parathyroid

35
Q

adenohypophysis refer to ___

A

anterior pituitary

36
Q

Neurohypophysis refer to ___

A

Posterior pituitary

37
Q

Action of somatostatin (secreted by Delta cells of islets of Langerhans)

A

suppresses release of insulin, glucagon

38
Q

Action of pancreatic polypeptide (secreted by PP/F cells of islets of Langerhans)

A

inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes

39
Q

Is epithelial reticular cells (EC) more in thymus cortex or thymus medulla?

A

Thymus medulla

40
Q

Thymus cortex Vs Medulla: which one has more lymphocytes?

A

Cortex

41
Q

Thymus cortex Vs Medulla: Colour

A

Cortex: Peripheral dark staining region;
Medulla: Lighter central region

42
Q

The innate immune system acts immediately when pathogens invade. (T/F)

A

T

43
Q

Chemical barrier for entry of pathogens

A

Sweat and tears

44
Q

Which cell is responsible for switching off the immune response, CD8+?

A

Suppressor T cells

45
Q

How is natural killer cell different from cytotoxic T cells?

A

Same function, but natural killer cell lack some typical lymphocyte feature

46
Q

Action of cytotoxic T cells

A

It secretes perforin which forms a pore in the target cell membrane

47
Q

Epithelial reticular cells (EC) are thought to produce_____ and______, which promote T cell differentiation and proliferation

A

thymosin, thymopoetin

48
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles is found in thymus _______

A

medulla

49
Q

postcapillary venules is also known as ______

A

high endothelial venules

50
Q

Name one mammotroph

A

Prolactin

51
Q

Hormones stored in neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

A

Antidiuretic hormone & Oxytocin

52
Q

Organs not under pituitary control

A

Pancreas , Adrenal medulla , Parathyroid

53
Q

Role of Parafollicular cells

A

Secrete Calcitonin

54
Q

Colloid contains ______ which is under TSH control

A

thyroglobulin

55
Q

Role of parathyroid glands (4 tiny glands located behind thyroid gland)

A

Secretes parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels

56
Q

Are steroids stored in granules?

A

No. Steroids are not stored in granules and they diffuse through the plasma membrane

57
Q

What does adrenal cortex synthesise?

A

Cholesterol/ steroid

58
Q

Cells found and hormones secreted in Adrenal medulla

A
  • (Pale staining) Chromaffin cells
    – Ganglion cells
    – Epinephrine and norepinephrine produced
59
Q

Role of Somatostatin

A

suppresses release of insulin, glucagon

60
Q

Role of Pancreatic polypeptide

A

inhibits secretion of pancreatic enzymes

3152 (18 decks)

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