Ica 1, chemistry of life

Question 1

What are the 3 major compounds found in cells

Answer 1

proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

Question 2

what are lipids composed of?

Answer 2

C, H, and O

Question 3

what are lipids propuced for

Answer 3

cell membranes, fats, oils, waxes and steroids

Question 4

what are lipids used for

Answer 4

prompting chemical reactions of homeostasis, protection from environment, and storing excess energy

Question 5

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

Answer 5

hydrophobic

Question 6

what are lipids named by

Answer 6

the number of fatty acids attached to the glycerol
ex: diglycerides, triglycerides

Question 7

characteristics of saturated fats

Answer 7

single carbon bonds, linear structure so they stack and form a solid at room temp.

Question 8

characteristics of unsaturated fats

Answer 8

double carbon bonds, bent shape so they are liquid at room temp.

Question 9

characteristics of trans fats

Answer 9

double carbon bonds, linear structure so they stack and form a solid at room temp. (unsaturated fats that have been straightened)

Question 10

what does a cell membrane do

Answer 10

keeps the cell separate from the external environment and regulates materials that are able to enter and leave the cell

Question 11

what is the fluid mosaic model

Answer 11

the membrane is made up of a variety of molecules that are constantly moving, making it a fluid and flexible (NOT solid)

Question 12

what is the membrane made of

Answer 12

-lipids held together by cholesterols: lipids act as barriers to water, cholesterols add strength
-proteins: enable ions and water-soluble materials to enter the cell, give the cell identity and may act as attachment sites for other cells or macromolecules

Question 13

what are carbohydrates made of

Answer 13

C, H, and O (2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen)

Question 14

what are carbohydrates a primary source of

Answer 14

molecular energy

Question 15

what are carbohydrates produced by

Answer 15

produced by plants in the form of simple sugars

Question 16

what are carbohydrates named by

Answer 16

based on the number of simple sugars

Question 17

what are the three simple sugars

Answer 17

glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 18

how do you name polysaccharides

Answer 18

-simple sugars are monosaccharides
-2 simple sugars form a disaccharide
-more than 2 molecules joined make a polysaccharide

Question 19

what are proteins made of

Answer 19

C, H, O, N

Question 20

why is nitrogen a necessary element in proteins

Answer 20

forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins

Question 21

how do you name amino acids

Answer 21

-2 amino acids make a dipeptide
-3 + make up a polypeptide

Question 22

example of polypeptides

Answer 22

hormones are examples of polypeptides though they are made of nucleotide
bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

Question 23

how many amino acid groups are there

Answer 23

20, which form the code that controls an organism’s basic behavior and appearance

Question 24

hydrolysis

Answer 24

breaks molecules by adding water

Question 25

condensation reaction

Answer 25

joins molecules by removing water

Question 26

what is transport

Answer 26

the passing of materials from the fluid environment across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm

Question 27

what is active transport

Answer 27

-transport of materials across the cell membrane using ATP -low to high concentration

Question 28

what is passive transport

Answer 28

-molecules enter a cell without the need of ATP -high to low concentration

Question 29

simple diffusion

Answer 29

moves lipid soluble (hydrophobic) materials across the cell membrane

Question 30

facilitated diffusion/transport

Answer 30

moves water soluble (hydrophilic) materials across the cell membrane using transport proteins

Question 31

osmosis

Answer 31

diffusion of a solvent (usually water) from a high to low concentration of water molecules

Question 32

3 cellular environments of osmosis

Answer 32

ISOtonic (=), HYPERtonic (more dissolved), HYPOtonic (less dissolved)

Question 33

3 types of facilitated transport proteins

Answer 33

channel, gate, carrier

Question 34

channel protein

Answer 34

forms a hydrophillic channel

Question 35

gate proteins

Answer 35

signals to open the gate to allow molecules to pass through

Question 36

carrier proteins

Answer 36

capture molecules and changes its shape, moving it from the outside to inside

Question 37

endocytosis vs exocytosis

Answer 37

-ENDOcytosis is the process of bringing materials INto a cell: pinocytosis (liquid), phagocytosis (solid) -EXOcytosis is the process of REMOVING materials from a cell -Both are active transport processes that require energy, using a vesicle