ICE NAVIGATION

Question 1

(Outline) Problem that may arise when encountering ice with high latitude on the Echo sounder.

Answer 1

Thermal stratification: causes incorrect result.

Damage to transducer: causing inaccuracy.

Water density difference from standard.

Question 2

(Outline) Problem that may arise when encountering ice with high latitude on the Gyro.

Answer 2

Low directional force reducing stability of direction.

Speed errors if vessel Speed deos not match the one set in the gyro.

Transient error due to large alterations of course.

Question 3

(Outline) Problem that may arise when encountering ice with high latitude on the RADAR.

Answer 3

Incorrect measurement of ranges if fast ice is present and around land

Incorrect measurement of bearing if fast ice is present around Headlands.

Question 4

(Outline) Navigational Hazard to be taken into account when entering ice pack.

Answer 4

Hull damage due to excessive speed.
Hull damage due to entering ice at an acute angle.
Damage to bulbous bow, propeller, rudder due to inadequate draught.
Blockage of suction.
Fog due to presence of ice.

Question 5

(Outline) Navigational Hazard to be taken into account when maneuvering ice pack.

Answer 5

Hull damage due to excessive speed.
Damage to the bulbous bow, propeller, rudder due to inadequate draught.
Variable ice thickness.
Blockage of suction
Hull damage during turn due to impact aft.
Besetment due to inadequate power.
Fog due to presence of ice.
Ice concentration increasing due to wind driving movement of ice.

Question 6

(Outline) Navigational Hazard to be taken into account when approaching port in ice condition.

Answer 6

Light obscured, sector inaccurate Floating marks absent or displaced by ice.
Navigational aids damaged or obscured.
Berth obstructed by ice.
Channel obstructed by ice
Fog due to ice presence.