ID's

Question 1

Hoare-Laval Plan

Answer 1

1935
○ Proposed plan between British PM Hoare and French PM Laval to end the Second Italian-Abyssinian War by partitioning Abyssinia (Ethiopia), would achieve Italian dictator Benito Mussolini’s goal of making the independent nation of Abyssinia into an Italian colony.

○ Proposal rejected by Britain and France

Question 2

Slobodan Miloševic

Answer 2

○ The President of Serbia from 1989 - 1997 and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000
○ Pioneered several major reforms to Serbia’s constitution in the 1980s to the 1990s that reduced the powers of the autonomous provinces in Serbia and in 1990 transitioned Serbia from a Marxist–Leninist one-party system to a multi-party system
○ Charged with war crimes including genocide and crimes against humanity in connection to the wars in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo

Question 3

“Two Plus Four” Talks

Answer 3

1990
○ Agreement between four victorious powers and both German halves (GDR and FRG) which united Germany again, guaranteed its borders, limited its weapons and military, oversaw withdrawal of Soviet troops and permitted its continued membership in NATO
○ Formally the “Two Plus Four Treaty on Germany” -

Question 4

Sinatra Doctrine

Answer 4

1989
○ The name that Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe Soviet’s policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact states to determine their own internal affairs
○ The name alluded to the song “My Way” popularized by Frank Sinatra—the Soviet Union was allowing these states to go their own way

Question 5

Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 5

○ General Secretary beginning in 1985; First President of Soviet Union (1990-1)
○ Won Nobel Prize for role in ending the Cold War
○ Renewed attacks on Stalinism, urged reduction in nuclear armament,
○ Held policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reformation within the Communist Party)

Question 6

Helmut Kohl

Answer 6

○ A German statesman, who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998
○ Oversaw the end of the Cold War, and is widely regarded as the main architect of the German reunification. Also considered to be the architect of the Maastricht Treaty, which established the European Union (EU)
○ Committed to European integration, maintaining close relations with the French president Mitterrand

Question 7

Munich Conference

Answer 7

1938
○ Settlement in which the major European powers agreed to let Nazi Germany to annex a portion of Czechoslovakia
○ The portion annexed was Sudetenland and which was important for Czechoslovakia militarily and economically, and the country felt betrayed by other European powers

Question 8

François Mitterand

Answer 8

○ President of France from 1981 to 1995, leader of the Socialist Party
○ Followed a radical economic program: several nationalizations, a 10% increase in minimum wage, 39-hour work week, an increase in social benefits, and the extension of workers’ rights
○ Supported closer European collaboration and the preservation of France’s special relationship with its former colonies, which he feared were falling under “Anglo-Saxon influence.”

Question 9

Jacques Delors

Answer 9

○ French politician who served as the 8th President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, administration called the “Delors Commission”
○ Commission gave a new momentum to the process of European integration: completed the internal market and laid the foundations for the single European currency
○ Delors and his Commissioners are considered the “founding fathers” of the euro

Question 10

Margaret Thatcher

Answer 10

○ “The Iron Lady,” Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990
○ Thatcherism: Emphasizes free markets with restrained government spending and tax cuts coupled with British nationalism both at home and abroad
○ Became closely aligned with the Cold War policies of United States President Ronald Reagan, based on their shared distrust of Communism

Question 11

Lech Walesa

Answer 11

○ Served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995
○ Co-founded and headed “Solidarity,” the Soviet bloc’s first independent trade union: used methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers’ rights and social change
○ Presided over Poland’s transition from communism to a post-communist state, but his popularity waned and his role in Polish politics diminished after he narrowly lost the 1995 presidential election

Question 12

Helsinki Accords

Answer 12

1975
○ Agreement signed by 35 nations which concluded the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. –

○ Recognized the inviolability of the post-World War II frontiers in Europe and pledged the nations to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and to cooperate in economic, scientific, humanitarian, and other areas

○ Had lasting effects on reducing US-Soviet cold war tensions

Question 13

Brezhnev Doctrine

Answer 13

1968
○ Began in Nov. 1968, affirms right of Soviet Union to intervene in affairs of Communist countries (including with military force) to strengthen communism and prevent capitalism
○ Leonid Brezhnev made speech at Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers’ Party reiterating the new foreign policy of the USSR (policy had first appeared in September of magazine Prazda)
○ Used to justify invasion of Czechoslovakia earlier in 1968, as well as 1956 invasion of Hungary; 1978 Afghanistan; effectively ended by Gorbachev
○ Policy in effect could used to limit independence of any country under the Warsaw Pact, and prevent reform/deviation from Russian model of socialism by governments in the Eastern bloc and beyond

Question 14

Prague Spring

Answer 14

1968
○ Period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after WWII. (January 5th, 1968 - August 21, 1968)
○ Not received well by the Soviets, who, after failed negotiations, sent half a million Warsaw Pact troops and tanks to occupy the country. A large wave of emigration swept the nation.

Question 15

“Winds of Change” speech

Answer 15

1960
○ Made by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa, on 3 February 1960 in Cape Town
○ Signaled clearly that the Conservative-led British Government intended to grant independence to many of these territories

Question 16

Berlin Wall

Answer 16

1961-1989
○ Constructed on August 13, 1961, by recommendation of Khrushchev to East Germany. Due to communist deals in East Germany, many citizens had fled west, leading to brain drain, and threatening the well being of the East. The wall was constructed to prevent this.
○ The Wall dividing east Berlin (controlled by the Soviets post WWII) from west Berlin (controlled by Western powers)
○ Attempt to physically separate Soviet ideals from Western democratic ideals.

Question 17

Force de frappe

Answer 17

1961
○ Term coined in 1961
○ A triad of air-, sea- and land-based nuclear weapons intended for “dissuasion,” the French term for deterrence (to deter other countries from attacking)

Question 18

Sputnik

Answer 18

1957
○ First satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union- triggered the space race
○ Caused JFK to get hard for the moon (JFK is the man)
○ Post-WWII project by Soviets to get to the moon

Question 19

Maginot Line

Answer 19

1930’s
○ Built along the French- German border to deter German aggression
○ Did not extend to Belgium and the Germans ended up going around the Maginot Line through Belgium to invade France

Question 20

Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact

Answer 20

1939
○ Nazi-Soviet neutrality pact which delineated spheres of influence between the powers after a joint invasion of Poland
○ Remained until Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in 1941

Question 21

Vichy regime

Answer 21

1940–1944
○ Name for the unoccupied French State during WWII which existed in southern portions of France
○ Remained the de facto puppet for Nazi Germany until the allies occupied France in 1944

Question 22

Atlantic Charter

Answer 22

1941
○ Joint declaration by FDR and Winston Churchill providing a unified statement of U.S. and British war aims
○ Signed after crushing defeats of British forces in the Balkans and Egypt
○ Agreement of “common principles” in the postwar era in which Britain and the US would not seek territorial expansion
○ Did not signal US entry into the war- public opinion would remain adamantly opposed to this until Pearl Harbor

Question 23

Teheran Conference

Answer 23

1943
○ Strategy meeting that took place in Iran between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill
○ Outcome was a general consensus on a second allied front in France and increased military communication between the three powers

Question 24

Declaration on Liberated Europe

Answer 24

1945
○ Yalta Conference between FDR, Stalin, and Roosevelt held to discuss postwar aims for Europe and plan self determination in the liberated people of post Nazi Europe
○ Stalin promised free elections in Poland but also stipulated that the Polish government-in-exile demands were non negotiable- the Soviet Union would keep the territory it annexed in 1939
○ Declaration on Liberated Europe vowed “to create democratic institutions of their own choice” but interpretations of this would differ between leaders

Question 25

“Two Camps” Theory

Answer 25

1947 ○ Proposed as part of the ‘Two Camps Doctrine’ which suggested that the world was divided into two camps, an imperialistic (led by United States) and a democratic (led by the Soviets) ○ Originally proposed by Andrei Zhdanov in the Zhdanov doctrine. It was important because it outlined the seemingly irreconcilable division between the U.S. and the Soviets ○ Central tenet of the Soviets’ foreign policy and suggestive of inevitable conflict with the US

Question 26

“Long Telegram”

Answer 26

1946 ○ 8000 word telegram delivered by George Kennan describing the Soviets’ ideology in relation to peace with the United States. Kennan suggested that the Soviets could not foresee permanent coexistence with the West ○ Proposed that the Soviets were not sensitive to the logic of reason but rather to the logic of force, which became a central tenet of the US Cold War strategy of containment ○ Suggested policy of “strong resistance”

Question 27

Baruch Plan

Answer 27

1946 ○ US proposal to create the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission which would serve as an international organization to regulate atomic energy ○ The Baruch Plan was not agreed to by the Soviet Union, and though debate on the matter continued until 1948, it was not seriously advanced later than the end of 1947

Question 28

Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech”

Answer 28

1956 ○ Denunciation/condemnation of deceased Soviet leader Stalin made by Nikita Khrushchev to a closed session of the 20th Communist Party Congress ○ Nucleus of far-reaching de-Stalinization campaign intended to destroy the image of the late dictator as an infallible leader, revert official policy to an idealized Lenin model ○ Invoked Lenin’s Testament, long-suppressed document warning that Stalin was likely to abuse his power (dismissed because Lenin appeared to be losing his mind in his final years) ○ Main criticisms: didn’t do enough to prepare for German invasion of 1941, weakened Red Army by purging leading officers, mismanaging war after invasion, deporting entire ethnic groups, purging major political leaders in Leningrad, attempting to start a new purge, his cult of personality; confined criticism to abuses of power against Communist Party, glossed over campaigns of terror against the general population

Question 29

Treaty of Rome

Answer 29

1957 ○ Signed in 1957 to establish the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC) ○ TEEC proposed the creation of a common agriculture policy, a common transport policy, a European social fund, and a customs union ○ Established the European Commission

Question 30

Suez Crisis

Answer 30

1956 ○ 1956 Israeli, UK, and French invasion of Egypt to secure western control over the Suez canal and remove the Egyptian president from power ○ US under President Eisenhower was strongly against the invasion and threatened to damage British financial system

Question 31

European Defense Community

Answer 31

1950 ○ 1950 French initiative in response to America's call to rearm Germany ○ Goal was to create a pan-European defense force to defend against possible Soviet aggression in western Europe rather than rearming Germany ○ Was to include West Germany, France, Italy, and the Benelux countries but the plan was never implemented- rather West Germany entered NATO

Question 32

Truman Doctrine

Answer 32

1947 ○ US commitment to counter Soviet expansion by offering 400 million in financial aid to Greece and Turkey ○ Established doctrine of US resistance to Soviet ideology in Europe ○ By 1952 both Turkey and Greece joined NATO

Question 33

Berlin Blockade

Answer 33

1948 ○ attempt by the Soviet Union to blockade Berlin representing a deterioration of Soviet western relations in the postwar period ○ US responded with a massive delivery of supplies to west Berlin via airlifts

Question 34

Konrad Adenauer

Answer 34

○ A German statesman who served as the first post-war Chancellor of Germany from 1949 to 1963. ○ Led his country from the ruins of World War II to a productive and prosperous nation that forged close relations with France, the United Kingdom and the United States. ○ Displayed a strong dedication to a broad vision of market-based liberal democracy and anti-communism

Question 35

Robert Schuman

Answer 35

o Served twice as France’s Prime Minister o Instrumental in building post war European and Atlantic institutions such as the Council of Europe and NATO o One of the founders of the European Union

Question 36

Ostpolitik

Answer 36

○ the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Eastern Europe beginning in 1969 ○ was an effort to break with the policies of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which was the elected government of West Germany from 1949 until 1969

Question 37

Karol Wojtyla

Answer 37

○ Actual name of Pope John Paul II (May 1920 - April 2005) ○ Began papacy in October 1978. Originally from Poland and sparked Solidarity movement upon first papal visit in June 1979 ○ John Gaddis suggests Pope John Paul II was the impetus behind Solidarity and ultimately the demise of communism in Eastern Europe ○ Influential figure as he transcended politics and the communist regime would not try to fight him. Fought for human rights in his homeland Poland

Question 38

Peaceful Coexistence

Answer 38

o a theory developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War that they could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc o meant to assuage Western, capitalist concerns that the socialist Soviet Union was driven by the concept of world revolution advocated by its founders, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks.

Question 39

NATO Expansion

Answer 39

Greece and Turkey in 1952 and West Germany in 1955, and then later Spain in 1982. After the Cold War ended, and Germany reunited in 1990, there was a debate in NATO about continued expansion eastward. In 1999, Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic joined the organization