Flashcards in Identity And Personality Deck (19)
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1
Gestalt Therapy
Holistic view of the self. Not reducing individuals to behaviors or drives alone. Associated with humanism
2
Humanistic theorists - supporters and definition
Also called phenomenological theorists: Kurt Lewin, Abraham Maslow, George Kelly, Carl Rogers
3
Force Field Theory
Kurt Lewin: little stock in constraints on personalities such as fixed traits, habits or structures (id, ego, and superego)
Field is one’s current state of mind and the forces are influences on the individual during that time (no focus on past or future)
2 groups: influences assisting in attaining goals and those blocking attainment
4
Maslow’s peak experiences
Profoundly moving experiences that have lasting effects
5
George Kelly
Humanist - personal construct psychology
Individual is a scientist predicting and testing actions of others; attempt to construct and understand variables in the environment
6
Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy
Humanist
Known for client-centered (also called person-centered and nondirective) therapy, which espouses that people can control their own behavior and are not slaves to the unconscious or to faulty learning. No suggestions but assist in leading the patient to the right decision
Originator of real and ideal self
7
Carl Rogers’ unconditional positive regard
Therapeutic environment in which client is accepted entirely and empathy is expressed toward patient.
8
Type theorists
Taxonomy of personality types
Personalities are set of distinct qualities and dispositions into which people can be grouped
Examples include somatotypes - theory by William Sheldon that personality was based on body type; type A and B personalities; and Myers-Briggs
9
Trait Theorists
Individual personality is the sum of person’s characteristic behaviors
10
Hans and Sybil Eysenck’s PEN Model
Trait theory which includes psychoticism (the measure of nonconformity or social deviance); Extroversion (measure of tolerance for social interaction situations); and Neuroticism (measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations)
11
Big Five
OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
12
Gordon Alpert’s three traits or dispositions
Primarily a trait theorist -
Cardinal traits - traits around which a person organizes his life; not everyone has these
Central traits - major characteristics of the personality easily inferred such as honesty
Secondary traits - other characteristics more limited in occurrence
13
Allport’s functional autonomy
A behavior continues even after the drive that created it has been satisfied (a hunter continues to hunt even after he has enough food)
14
David McClelland’s N-Ach
N-Ach the need for achievement
Pride in accomplishments; avoid high risk and low risk and stop striving toward a goal if victory is unlikely
15
Behaviorist
Championed by B.F. Skinner; heavily based on operant conditioning
Personality is a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time. And therapy should focus on reinforcing good behaviors
Token economies - impatient - positive behavior is rewarded with tokens
16
Social cognitive perspective
Takes behaviorism a step further focusing not only on environmental influences on behavior but also our interaction with the environment
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Albert Bendura’s reciprocal determinism
Idea that our thoughts, feelings and behaviors and environment all interact to determine our actions in a given situation
People choose environments that suit their personalities and environment determines how that person will react.
18
Biological Perspective
Personality is a result of genetic expression in the brain
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