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Behavioral Sciences > Identity and Personality > Flashcards

Identity and Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is self-schema?

A

self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities

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2
Q

What is identity?

A

the individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong `

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3
Q

What is gender identity?

A

a person’s appraisal of him - or herself on scales of masculinity and femininity

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4
Q

What is androgyny?

A

defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

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5
Q

What is undifferentiated?

A

scoring low on both scales of masculinity and femininity

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6
Q

What is gender schema?

A

key components of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means

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7
Q

What is ethnic identity?

A

refers to one’s ethnic group - in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language

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8
Q

What is nationality?

A

identity based on political borders - result of shared history, media, cuisine and national symbols such as a country’s flag

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9
Q

What is hierarchy of salience?

A

we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment

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10
Q

What is self-discrepancy theory?

A

maintains that each of us have three selves
Actual Self - the way we see ourselves currently
Ideal Self - the person we would like to be
Ought Self - our representation of the way others think we should be

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11
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

our belief in our ability to succeed

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12
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

suffers from a sense of powerlessness after being placed in consistently hopeless scenarios

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13
Q

What is locus of control?

A

refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives

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14
Q

What is fixation?

A

occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development

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15
Q

What is Freud’s first stage?

A

Oral Stage: 0 to 1 year

Gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth, biting and sucking

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16
Q

What is Freud’s second stage?

A

Anal Stage: 1 to 3 years

Gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials

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17
Q

What is Freud’s third stage?

A

Phallic/Oedipal Stage: 3 to 5 years
Child envies same sex parent for parents relationship and fears castration. To deal they identify with that parent, establish sexual identity and internalize moral values

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18
Q

What is Freud’s fourth stage?

A

Genital Stage: puberty to adulthood

child will enter into healthy heterosexual relationships at this point if the previous stages have been satisfied

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19
Q

What is Erikson’s first stage?

A

Trust vs Mistrust: 0 to 1 year

Trust his environment/himself or remain suspicious of the world

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20
Q

What is Erikson’s second stage?

A

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: 1 to 3 years
The feeling of being able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice or have a sense of doubt and persistent external locus of control

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21
Q

What is Erikson’s third stage?

A

Initiative vs Guilt: 3 to 6 years
Sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishment and enjoy accomplishment or fears punishment too much to do anything or overcompendates

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22
Q

What is Erikson’s fourth stage?

A

Industry vs Inferiority: 6 to 12 years
Feels competent, able to exercise his abilities and intelligence vs sense of inadequacy, inability to act in a competent manner and low self esteem

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23
Q

What is Erikson’s fifth stage?

A

Identity vs Role Confusion: 12 to 20 years
Fidelity, ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties vs amorphous personality that shifts from day to day

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24
Q

What is Eriksons’ sixth stage?

A

Intimacy vs Isolation: 20 to 40 years
Love, ability to have intimate relationships, commit to others and goals vs avoidance of commitment, alienation and distancing

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25
What is Erikson's seventh stage?
Generativity vs Stagnation: 40 to 65 years | Capable of being a productive, caring and contributing member of society or self-indulgence, bored and self-centered
26
What is Erikson's eighth stage?
Integrity vs Despair: over 65 years Wisdom, assurance in the meaning of life, dignity and acceptance of a life lived well or bitterness about one's life, worthlessness and fear of death
27
What is Kohlberg's first phase?
Preconventional morality: preadolescent Stage 1: Obedience - avoiding punishment Stage 2: Self-interest - gaining rewards
28
What is Kohlberg's second phase?
Conventional morality: early adolescence Stage 3: Conformity - person seeks approval of others Stage 4: Law and Order - maintains the social order in the highest regard
29
What is Kohlberg's third phase?
Postconventional morality: adulthood Stage 5: Social Contract - moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure greater good Stage 6: Universal Human Ethics - reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles
30
What is zone of proximal development?
skills and abilities that have not been fully developed but are in the process of development
31
What is the theory of mind?
ability to sense how another's mind works
32
What is personality?
describes a set of thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations
33
What is the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory of personality?
assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality
34
What is the id?
consists of all basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce and conforms to the pleasure principle
35
What is the pleasure principle?
which the aim is to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any pent-up tension
36
What is the primary process?
the id's response to frustration; obtain it now, not later
37
What is wish fulfillment?
mental imagery that fulfills this need for satisfaction immediately (daydreaming)
38
What is the ego?
acts as a mediator between the superego and id
39
What is the reality principle?
taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id's pleasure principle aka the secondary process
40
What is the superego?
personality's perfectionist, judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures
41
What is the conscience?
a collection of the improper actions for which a child is punished
42
What is the ego-ideal?
consists of the proper actions for which a child is rewarded
43
What is an instinct to Freud?
innate psychological representation of a biological need
44
What are defense mechanism?
unconscious ways of distorting reality in order to relieve anxiety
45
What is repression?
the ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious and underlies many other defense mechanism s
46
What is supression?
a more deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
47
What is regression?
reversion to an earlier developmental state
48
What is reaction formation?
when individual suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites
49
What is projection?
the defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others
50
What is rationalization?
the justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society
51
What is displacement?
the transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another
52
What is sublimation?
the transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors
53
What is the collective unconscious?
a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our early ancestors
54
What is the persona?
a mask that we wear in public and is part of our personality that we present to the world
55
What is anima?
feminine qualities in men
56
What is animus?
masculine qualities in women
57
What is the shadow archetype?
responsible for the appearance of unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
58
What is the self to Jung?
point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and conscious mind
59
What is the inferiority complex?
an individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially
60
What was Alfred Adler's theory based on?
focused on the immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors
61
What is the creative self?
the force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality
62
What is style of life?
represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority
63
What is fictional finalism?
the notion that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences
64
Contract Freud, Adler and Jung theories
Freud - assumption is that behavior is motivated by inborn instincts Jung - principle axiom is that a person's conduct is governed by inborn archetypes Adler - assumes that people are primarily motivated by striving for superiority
65
What is neurotic needs?
needs that are directed towards making life and interactions bearable
66
What is Gestalt therapy?
practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self
67
What are peak experiences?
profound and deeply moving experiences in a persons's life that have important and lasting effects on the individual
68
What is person/client/nondirective theory?
reflecting on the persons problems, choices and generate solutions, take positive action and make their own destiny
69
What is unconditional positive regard?
a technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment
70
What are cardinal traits?
traits around which a person organizes his or her life
71
What are central traits?
major characteristics of a personality that are easy to infer
72
What are secondary traits?
other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
73
What is functional autonomy?
a behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally crate the behavior

Behavioral Sciences (10 decks)

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