Identity and Personality (chapter 6)

Question 1

Self-Concept

Answer 1

the sum of all of the phrases that come to mind when we think of who we are, who we used to be, and who we may become in the future.

Question 2

Identity

Answer 2

describes a set of behaviors and labels we take on when in a specific group

Question 3

Gender Identity

Answer 3

describes a person’s appraisal of him or herself on the scale of masculinity and femininity.

Question 4

Androgyny

Answer 4

state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.

Question 5

gender schema

Answer 5

hold that key component of gender identity are transmitted through cultural and societal means

Question 6

Ethnic identity

Answer 6

refers to one’s ethnic group, in which members typically share a common ancestry, cultural heritage, and language.

Question 7

National identity

Answer 7

determined by birth, political borders of where one lives, and the cultural identity of that nation.

Question 8

Hierarchy of salience

Answer 8

we let the situation dictate which identity holds the most important for us at any given moment`

Question 9

Self-discrepancy theory

Answer 9

maintains that each of us has three selves

actual self: the way we see ourselves as we currently are
ideal self: person we would like to be

ought self: our representive of the way others think we should be

Question 10

Self-efficacy

Answer 10

belief in our ability to succeed. When self-efficacy is too high it can lead to overconfidence.

Question 11

Locus of control

• Internal locus
• External locus

Answer 11

the way we characterize the influences in our lives

Internal locus: view themselves as controlling their own fate ( I failed b/c i didnt study hard)

External locus: feel that the events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influences. ( I failed b/c of my bad luck or b/c the test was difficult)

Question 12

Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual Development

Answer 12

He believed that libidinal energy creates internal tension, which we aim to reduce through certain behaviors. [ libido = sex drive or sexual desire ]

Question 13

Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development

Answer 13

Fixation - occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development.

• oral stage
• anal stage
• phallic or oedipal stage
• latency stage
• genital stage

Question 14

Oral stage (Frued)

Answer 14

(0 to 1 year) gratification is obtained primarily by putting objects into the mouth, biting, and sucking. Libidinal energy is centered on the mouth.

Fixation can lead to excessive dependency

Question 15

Anal stage (Frued)

Answer 15

(1 to 3 years) Toilet training occurs during this time.Libidio is centered on the the anus.

Fixation can lead to excessive orderliness or messiness

Question 16

Phallic or oedipal stage (Frued)

Answer 16

(3 to 5 years) centers on resolution of the oedipal conflict for male children or the analogous electra conflict for female children.

Question 17

Latency stage (Frued)

Answer 17

(last until puberty is reached) Libidio is largely sublimated during this stage.

Question 18

Genital stage (Frued)

Answer 18

(begins at puberty) if pervious stages have been successfully resolved, the person will enter into normal heterosexual relationship

If sexual traumas of childhood have not been resolved, such behaviors as homosexuality, asexuality, fetishism may result.

Question 19

Erikson: Psychosocial development

Answer 19

stages of personality development are based on series of crises that derive from conflicts between needs and social demands.

Question 20

Trust vs mistrust (0 to 1 year)

Answer 20

Trust: child will come to trust his enviornment and himself.

Mistrust: will often be suspicious of the world

Question 21

Autonomy vs Shame and doubtful (1 to 3 years)

Answer 21

Autonomy: feeling able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice as well as self-restraint

Shame and doubtful: sense of doubt and a persistent exernal locus of control

Question 22

Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)

Answer 22

Intiative: sense of purpose, the ability to initate activites, and ability to enjoy accomplishment.

Guilt: overcome by the fear of punishment that the child may either unduly restrict himself or may overcompensate by showing off

Question 23

Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)

Answer 23

Industry: child will feel competent, be able to exercise his or her abilities and intelligence in the world and be able to affect the world.

Inferiority: sense of inadequacy, a sense of inability to act in a competent manner and low self-esteem.

Question 24

Identity vs. role confusion (12 to 20)

This stage termed as physiological revolution

Answer 24

Identity: ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person with sustained loyalities.

Role confusion: confusion about one’s identity and an amorphous personality that shifts from day to day

Question 25

intimacy vs. isolation (20 to 40)

Answer 25

Intimacy: outcomes of love, ability to have intimate relationship with others. Isolation: avoidance of commitment,alienation and distancing of oneself from others and one's ideals.

Question 26

Generativity vs Stagnation (40 to 65)

Answer 26

Generativity: individual capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society. Stagnation: one acquires a sense of stagnation and may become self-indulgent, bored, and self-centered with little care of others

Question 27

Integrity vs. Despair (above 65)

Answer 27

Integrity: wisom, detached concern with life itself, with assurance in the meaning of life, diginity, acceptance that one's life has been worthwhile, readiness to face death. Despair: feeling of bitterness about one's life, a feeling that life has been worthless, fear over one's own impending death.

Question 28

Kohlberg: Moral reasoning

Answer 28

Kohlberg's theory of personality development focuses on development of moral thinking. Theory contains Three phases and six stages Phase 1 : Preconventional morality Phase 2 : Conventional morality Phase 3 : Postconventional morality

Question 29

Preconventional morality

Answer 29

preadolescent thinking and places an emphasis on the consequences of the moral choices. Obedience (stage 1) : concered with avoiding punishment ( If i steal the drug, I'll go to jail) Self-interest (stage 2) : often called instrumental relativist stage, it is based on the concepts of reciprocity and sharing. (I'll scratch your back, you scratch mine)

Question 30

Conventional morality

Answer 30

Adolscence to adulthood. Begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others. Understanding and accepting social rules Conformity (Stage 3) : emphasis on the "good boy or nice girl" in which person seeks the approval of others. (I should not steal the drug b/c stealing is wrong) Law and order (stage 4) : maintains the social order in the highest regard. (if everyone stole things, people who produce those items would not be able to continue their business)

Question 31

Postconventional morality

Answer 31

Adulthood. describes a level of reasoning Social contract (stage 5): views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good, with reasoning focused on individual rights. ( Everyone has right to live; businesses have a right to profit from their product). Universal human ethics (Stage 6): reasons that decisions should be made in consideration of abstract principles. ( It is wrong for one person to hold another's life for ransom).

Question 32

Psychoanalytic

Answer 32

personality is the result of unconscious urges and desires

Question 33

Humanistic

Answer 33

personality comes from conscious feeling about oneself resulting from healthy striving for self-realization

Question 34

Type

Answer 34

personalities are set of distinct qualities and dispositons into which people can be grouped

Question 35

Trait

Answer 35

personalities are assembled from having different degrees of certain qualities and dispositions.

Question 36

Id , ego , superego

Answer 36

Id: unconscious basic urges and desires Superego: sense of perfectonism and idealism Ego: mediates the anxieties caused by id and superego by using defense mechanisms.

Question 37

Repression

Answer 37

unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness | Man who survived 6 months in concentration camp cannot recall anything about his life during that period of time

Question 38

Supression

Answer 38

consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness. | ill cancer patient puts aside his anexity to enjoy a family gathering

Question 39

Regression

Answer 39

Returning to an earlier stage of development | A husband speaks to his wife in " baby talks" when telling her bad news

Question 40

Reaction formation

Answer 40

unaccepted impulse is transformed into its opposition | two coworkers fight all the timne b/c they are actually very attracted to each other

Question 41

Projection

Answer 41

Attribution of wishes desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else (A man who has commited adultry is convinced his wife is cheating on him, despite a lack of evidence)

Question 42

Rationalization

Answer 42

Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors | A murderer who claims that, while killing is wrong, his victim "deserved it"

Question 43

Displacement

Answer 43

changing the target of an emotion, while the feeling remain the same (When sent to his room as a punishment, a child begins to punch and kick his pillow)

Question 44

Sublimation

Answer 44

channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction ( A boss who is attracted to his employee becomes her mentor and advisor)

Question 45

Carl Jung

Answer 45

identified the ego as the conscious mind and he divided into two parts - personal unconscious: similar to Frued's notion of unconscious - collective unconscious: links all humans together. Its building blocks are image of common experience, such as having mother and father. Jung believed personality as being influenced by archetype

Question 46

Jungian archetype: - Persona - Anima - Animus - Shadow

Answer 46

- Persona: the aspect of our personality we present to the world - Anima: feminine behavior in man. man's inner woman - Animus: man behavior in female. woman's inner man - Shadow: unpleasent and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness

Question 47

Jung described three dichotomies of personality:

Answer 47

- Extraversion (E, orientation of outside world) vs. introversion (I orientation of inner, personal world) - Sensing (S, obtaining objective information about the world) vs. intuiting (N, working with information abstractly) - Thinking (T, using logic and reason) vs. feeling (F, using value system or personal belief)

Question 48

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)

Answer 48

classical personality test. Each of Jung's three dichotomies and fourth - Judging (J, perferring orderliness) vs. percieving (P, perferring spontaneity) is labelled as a specific personality test.

Question 49

Adler's inferiority complex

Answer 49

and individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially. According to Adler, striving for supeiority drives the personality.

Question 50

Adler's theory of creative self and style of life

Answer 50

creative self- individual shapes his uniqueness and establishes his personality style of life- describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority. family enviornment is crucial in molding the person's style of life

Question 51

fictional finalism

Answer 51

individual is motivated more by his expectation of the future than by past experience.

Question 52

Basic anexity | Basic hostility

Answer 52

Basic anexity- inadequate parenting can cause vulnearability and helplessness. Basic hostility- neglect and rejection cause anger To overcome basic anexity and hostility, child must use these three strategies: - moving toward people to obtain the goodwill of people who provides security - moving against people, or fighting them to obtain the upper hand - moving away or withdrawing from people.

Question 53

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 53

idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and enviornment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation.

Question 54

Vygotsky's Zone of proximal development

Answer 54

skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development. Gaining these skills requires the help of a more knowledgeable other like a teacher.

Question 55

Carl Rodgers (Humanistic)

Answer 55

believed that people have freedom to control their own behavior and are neither slaves to unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning.

Question 56

Type theorists

Answer 56

attempt to create taxonomy personality types

Question 57

Trait theorists

Answer 57

Prefer to describe individual personality as the sum of a person's characteristic behaviors.

Question 58

Type A

Answer 58

personalities are characterized by behavior that tend to competitive and compulsive.

Question 59

Type B

Answer 59

generally laid back and relaxed

Question 60

Allport listed 3 Basic types of traits - Cardinal Trait - Central Trait - Secondary Trait

Answer 60

Cardinal trait --> (Not all have this trait) Person organizes his or her life. Self- sacrifice Central trait --> personality that are easy to infer. Honesty and charisma Secondary trait --> more personal characteristics and are limited in occurance.

Question 61

Eyesenck described three traits in PEN model - Phsychotism - Extraversion - Neurotism

Answer 61

Physchotism --> non-conformity or social deviance Extraversion --> measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation Neurotism --> measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations.

Question 62

Big 5 traits of Personality | OCEAN

Answer 62

``` O: openness C: conscientiousness E: extraversion A: agreeableness N: neuroticism ```

Question 63

David McClelland

Answer 63

identified a personality trait that is referred to as a need for achievement (N-Ach) Higher N-Ach = concerened with achievement and pride in their accomplishment.