Learning and Memory (chapter 3) Flashcards
Habituation
Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can decrease in response. ( Getting used to something)
Dishabituation
Late in the habituation of a stimulus, a second stimulus is presented.
Associative Learning
way of pairing together stimuli and response, or behaviors and consequence
Classical Condition: unconditioned stimulus
any stimulus that brings a reflexive response. (Dogfood)
Classical Condition: unconditioned response
the innate or reflexive response to the stimulus ( Dog salvation)
Classical Condition: neutral stimulus
a stimulus that does not produce a reflexive response (Bell)
Classical Condition: conditioned stimulus
A neutral stimulus that can now cause a reflexive response. ( Bell making Dog salivate)
Classical Condition: conditioned response
A reflexive response to the conditioned stimulus ( Salvation through bell)
Operant Behavior
Associated with B.F skinner who is considered as the father of behaviorism
Reinforcement: Positive
Negative
Likelihood that individual will perform a behavior.
Positive: adding positive consequence to the following behavior. ( Paying money to workers, so they keep on working)
Negative: increasing the frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasent. ( Taking asprin so headaches go away)
Negative Reinforcement: Escape
Avoidance
Escape: reduce the unpleasentness of something that already exists. (Taking asprin everytime you have headache)
Avoidance: prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen. ( Studying for the exam, so you dont score bad)
Punishment: Positive
Negative
Positive: add an unpleasent consequence to reduce the behavior. ( Speeding ticket, so next time driver doesn’t drive fast)
Negative: Taking away something to reduce the behavior. ( Taking away liscence so the driver learns the lesson)
Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule
reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performance of behavior. ( rewarding a rat every third time it presses bar in the cage) “ It’s fixed “
Variable Ratio (VR) schedule
reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior. ( rewarding a rat randomly) “ Variable ratio is the fastest and resistanceto extinction”
Fixed Interval (FI) schedules
reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed. ( Rewarding rat every 60 seconds, and then wait for next 60 seconds)
Variable Interval (VI) schedules
reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time. ( Rewarding rat on random amounts of time).
mirror neurons
located in frontal and parietal and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action.
Encoding
process of putting new information into memory
Sensory Memory
consists of iconic ( visual ) and echoic (auditory) memory. It lasts only a very short time, but within that time we can recall with amazing precision but doesn’t last long/
Short-term memory
information stays around 30 seconds and then fades away. You can remember around 7 items or so in short term memory ( 7 plus minus 2). Short term memory is housed in hippocampus.
Working memory
requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information. ( Allows us to do simple math in our heads)
Long term memory:
Implicit
Explicit
requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity.
Implicit: stores skills and conditioning effects
Explicit: Divided into episodic and semantic memory.
Episodic: events and experiences
Semantic: facts and concepts we know
Semantic Network
brain organizes ideas into semantic network in which concepts
Retrieval
retrival of information is often based on priming interconnected nodes of semantic network. recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to desired semantic memory.
