idk Flashcards
(226 cards)
1
Q
Process of world shrinkage, of distance, getting closer, things moving closer. - Thomas Larson
A
GLOBALIZATION
2
Q
Borderless world. - Ohmae
A
GLOBALIZATION
3
Q
Internationalizing of production, labor, state, movements, and competitiveness. - Robert Cox
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GLOBALIZATION
4
Q
Growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as structures and
barriers to, or expedite these flows. - Ritzer
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GLOBALIZATION
5
Q
The increasing economic, political, and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse culture
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GLOBALIZATION
6
Q
The recognition and valuing of difference.
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DIVERSITY
7
Q
How globalization affects and merges with local interests and environments.
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GLOCALIZATION
8
Q
Persons respectful of and engaged with people from distinctly different cultures.
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MULTICULTURALISTS
9
Q
Cultural diversity makes communication difficult and may lead to:
A
- Stereotyping and Prejudice
- Ethnocentrism
- Racism
- Xenophobia
- Cultural Appropriation
10
Q
is the process of creating a picture of a whole culture. Overgeneralizing all people belonging to the same culture.
A
Stereotyping and Prejudice -
11
Q
the process of dividing cultures as “us” vs “them”
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Ethnocentrism -
12
Q
prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized
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Racism -
13
Q
dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.
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Xenophobia -
14
Q
the adoption of an element or elements of one culture by a member of another culture that can be controversial when used inappropriately.
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Cultural Appropriation -
15
Q
Other factors that affect communication:
A
- Gender Roles
- Age and Generational Differences
- Racial and Ethnic Identity
- Religious Identity
- Socio-Economic Identity
16
Q
Few examples of cultural ignorance on communication:
A
- Showing the sole of your shoes is insulting in Muslim countries.
- Crossing your legs is insulting to Koreans.
- It is impolite to blink while talking with a Taiwanese.
- Slurping when eating noodles is acceptable in Japan.
- It is disrespectful to touch someone’s head or hair in Thailand.
17
Q
Is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups.
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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
18
Q
It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them.
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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
19
Q
The interpreting and sharing of meanings with individuals from different races
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INTERRACIAL COMMUNICATION
20
Q
Interaction with individuals of different ethnic origins
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INTERETHNIC COMMUNICATION
21
Q
Communication between persons representing different nations
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INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
22
Q
Interaction with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture as yours
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INTRACULTURAL COMMUNICATION
23
Q
A system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared,
and used by members during their daily living
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CULTURE
24
Q
Groups of persons who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture
A
CO-CULTURES
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The means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture
ASSIMILATION
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The means by which co-culture members maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish
relationships with members of the dominant culture
ACCOMMODATION
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The means co-culture members use to resist interacting with members of the dominant culture
SEPARATION
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The tendency to see one's own culture as superior to all others
ETHNOCENTRICISM
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The acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one's own
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
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Mental images or pictures that guide our reactions to others
STEREOTYPES
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A positive or negative prejudgment
PREJUDICE
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The view that different cultures should be assimilated into the dominant culture
MELTING-POT PHILOSOPHY
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Cultures based on power differences in which subordinates defer to superior
HIGH-POWER-DISTANCE CULTURES
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Cultures that believe that power should be used only when legitimate
LOW-POWER-DISTANCE CULTURES
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Cultures that value aggressiveness, strength, and material symbols of success
MASCULINE CULTURES
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Cultures that value tenderness and relationships
FEMININE CULTURES
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Lacking an understanding of cultural difference
CULTURALLY CONFUSED
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The expansion of dominion of one culture over another
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
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Online, surrogate communities
VIRTUAL NEIGHBORS AND COMMUNITIES
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Information gap
DIGITAL DIVIDE
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS-CULTURE
1. CONTEXT
2. COLLECTIVISM/INDIVIDUALISM
3. TIME
- MONOCHROMIC SOCIETIES
- POLYCHRONIC SOCIETIES
4. CONFLICT
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- some societies, known as ____________________ (Samovar & Porter, 2004), place a great deal of emphasis on the total environment or __________ where speech and interaction take place.
"high-context societies" CONTEXT
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- everything is connected to the background _________ of relationships and other personal contexts of status, influence, and personal knowledge.
CONTEXT
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place greater emphasis on the whole group, stressing common concerns and the value of acting not merely for oneself but for the common good.
Collectivist societies
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personal achievement is lauded and reinforced through conversations with others.
individualistic societies,
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If you think of time as a straight line from beginning to end; where people do one thing at a time or multitask only because it helps them work toward particular goals with tasks in sequence and communications fitting into a particular order.
MONOCHROMIC SOCIETIES
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Such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany, view time as a valuable commodity and punctuality as very important. People with this view of time will usually arrive at an appointment a few minutes early as a symbol of respect for the person they are meeting
MONOCHROMIC view
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places emphasis on speed and punctuality plus the rapid and efficient accomplishment of tasks.
monochromic society
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If you think of time as a rotation of the season or something more open-ended; where independent and unconnected tasks can be done simultaneously.
POLYCHRONIC SOCIETIES
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People in this culture do not hold time in the same reverence; this culture instead has a much more relaxed attitude toward time.
POLYCHRONIC SOCIETIES
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"Promptness" is not particularly important, and as long as the person shows up sometime during the right day, that will count as doing what was required.
POLYCHRONIC SOCIETIES
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Some Mediterranean and Arad countries do not regard it as impolite to be late to an appointment or taking a very long time to get down to business.
POLYCHRONIC SOCIETIES
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places more emphasis on the relationships between people than on the tasks
Polychronic society
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Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
55
Members of these cultures view conflict as a normal and useful process, and an inherent part of everyday life.
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
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United States is a sample of conflict-as-opportunity because of the following assumptions.
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
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* Conflict is a normal, useful process;
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
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* All issues are subject to change through negotiation;
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
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* Direct confrontation and conciliation are valued;
Conflict is necessary renegotiation of an implied contract- a redistribution of opportunity, release of tensions, and renewal of relationships.
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be individualist.
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Conflict-as-destructive cultures tend to be collectivist.
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Members of these cultures do not view conflict as a natural part of everyday experience but rather as unnecessary, detrimental, and to be avoided
Conflict-as-destructive cultures tend to be collectivist.
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Asian cultures are samples of conflict-as-destructive.
Conflict-as-destructive cultures tend to be collectivist.
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* Religious groups also view as conflict destructive.
Conflict-as-destructive cultures tend to be collectivist.
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* Members consider confrontations useless and harmful to relationships and the group as a whole.
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be collectivist
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* Members do not view individual needs and desires as more important than group needs and established norms.
Conflict-as-opportunity cultures tend to be collectivist
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> According to Martin and Nakayama (2007), these are the following assumptions:
* Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace
* The social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of members; rather members should adapt to established values;
* Confrontations are destructive and ineffective;
* Disputants should be disciplined
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CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
1. DOMINATING STYLES
2. INTEGRATING STYLES
3. COMPROMISING STYLE
4. OBLIGING STYLES
5. AVOIDING STYLES
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- involves forcing one's will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of negative relational consequences. For example, you and a friend decide to order a pizza, and as you call in the order, your friend mentions a desire for pepperoni. You would rather have a sausage and replay, "Too bad. I'm making the call, and we are having sausage."
DOMINATING STYLES
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- necessitate a great deal of open discussion about the conflict at hand to reach a solution that completely satisfies everyone involved. For example, you and your friend differ on what pizza topping you would like, so you both openly discuss your positions and the options available until you reach a solution that fulfills both of your desires - perhaps getting both toppings or half-sausage and half-pepperoni.
INTEGRATING STYLES
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- are often confused with integrating styles because a solution is reached following a discussion of the conflict. However, making a compromise demands that everyone must give something up to reach a solution, and as a result, people never feel fully satisfied. For example, you and your friend discuss the conflict and decide to get mushrooms instead of sausage and pepperoni.
COMPROMISING STYLES
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- involve giving up one's position to satisfy another's. This style generally emphasizes areas of agreement and deemphasizes areas of disagreement. For example, you and I are discussing what topping to include in your pizza, you probably mention that the important thing is that you both want pizza and then agree to order pepperoni instead of sausage.
OBLIGING STYLES
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- people avoid conflict entirely either by failing to acknowledge its existence or by withdrawing from a situation when it arises. For example, your friend expresses a desire for pepperoni on the pizza, and even though you really want sausage, you indicate that pepperoni is fine and place the order
AVOIDING STYLES
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What Is Ethical Communication?
While hard skills are invaluable in any industry, there is a greater knowledge among SMEs - and larger enterprises - those soft skills and emotional intelligence are just as important in establishing effective workplace relationships that can produce results. While logical intelligence denotes one's cognitive brainpower, emotional intelligence is based on an empathetic ability to understand people, which relates to having the ability to effectively communicate with people. Soft skills represent the other side of an employee's personal skill set and encompass a group of workplace competencies focusing on working well with others - including the most critical soft skill, which is the skill of communication. And while there are many different types of communication principles that businesses need to know about, ethical communication is the most important.
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is a type of communication that is predicated upon certain business values, such as being truthful, concise, and responsible with one's words and the resulting actions.
Ethical Communication
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As a set of principles, this understands that one's thoughts must be conveyed and expressed effectively and concisely and that the resulting actions or consequences will [potentially] be based solely on how the message was communicated.
Ethical Communication
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Thus, this defines a framework or set of acceptable communication principles that align with an enterprise's overarching code of conduct or code of ethics.
Ethical Communication
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION (info dump)
Perhaps the main principle of ethical communication is honesty, as other factors stem from this core value of presenting information in the most reliable and factual way possible. Any attempt to mislead or present confusing information is not ethical communication. Additionally, the "honesty" principle of ethical communication is linked inexorably to other core principles - consistency and responsibility. This entails that information presented to different parties be consistent, and that short-term and long long-term consequences of honest communication are to be accepted as one's responsibility.
Ethical communication also assumes that communicated information is always presented (and received by the listener) according to one's subjective perception, even if only in the most minimal way, and thus the goal of ethical communication is to be as objective as possible when communicating with others and to ensure that every recipient receives the same message.
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the main principle of ethical communication is
honesty
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Additionally, the "honesty" principle of ethical communication is linked inexorably to other core principles which are?
consistency and responsibility.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
1. Openness and Transparency
2. Consideration for Any Potential Roadblocks
- Language Use
- Jargon
- Language Fluency
3. Accessibility to Technology
4. Development of Relationship
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are the core principles of ethical communication.
Truthfulness and honesty
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Truthfulness and honesty are the core principles of ethical communication. This means that speaking 99 percent of the truth in a matter - while leaving out one percent of the facts - is not ethical communication, as omitting any detail (intentionally) changes the way that a listener will perceive an event. Thus, being 100 percent open and transparent, and hiding nothing, is key in order for all business relationships - whether within a business between its members, or with business and their partners, or even customers - to succeed in the short term and long term.
Openness and Transparency
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Being honest is linked to one's personal and professional trustworthiness and integrity. In a perfect world, all members of an organization would have a positive reputation of honesty, such that listeners never doubt that what they are saying is 100 percent true.
Openness and Transparency
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Within an organization - and between businesses - this type of honest communication can be the difference between a project being completed successfully or not. For instance, utilizing ethical communication, to be honest about the time and/or budget constraints during a board meeting with primary stakeholders can be the difference between the project meeting its goals, or failing due to misunderstandings and/or miscommunication. Thus, one of the primary goals of ethical communication is to prevent any misunderstandings or instances of miscommunication.
Openness and Transparency
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the primary goals of ethical communication is to?
prevent any misunderstandings or instances of miscommunication.
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When communicating with another party, truly ethical communication entails considering any potential factor that may influence how the recipient understands - or receives - the information that is being communicated.
Consideration for Any Potential Roadblocks
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If there are any known roadblocks, then ethical communication principles dictate that the speaker/communicator utilize whatever means possible to mitigate or attenuate the roadblocks and ensure that the recipients of the information are able to fully understand what is being communicated.
Consideration for Any Potential Roadblocks
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Several examples are below where roadblocks may present themselves, resulting in the communicator
needing to take steps to attenuate any potential instances of miscommunication:
- Language Use
- Jargon
- Language Fluency
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Obviously, ethical communication dictates that speakers utilize the language that listeners understand. It would make little sense to present a business presentation in English to a non-English-speaking Chinese audience. Taking this example further, it would also be unethical to communicate the information mostly in Chinese, with a certain section in English, presenting only parts of the data to the Chinese audience.
Language Use
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Every industry has its own jargon. When speaking to a layperson, it is ethical to speak with simple, easy-
to-understand words, while avoiding the use of heavy jargon, resulting in portions of the presentation/communication being incomprehensible to a portion of the audience.
Jargon
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Ethical communication considers the level of fluency as well as the language spoken by listeners so that recipients of the communication (whether it be spoken or written) are able to fully understand what is being communicated
Language Fluency
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In this information and digital age, some take accessibility to advanced technology for granted. For instance, while smartphones are readily available, and translation apps are abundant, not everyone is able to access such applications or platforms. If a business wants to present certain pieces of information to an audience while expecting the audience to translate it into their native language via an application, there may be confusion. Thus, the ability to access certain technology - and the know-how on how to use certain applications - may be a roadblock when it comes to ethically communicating to a particular audience.
Accessibility to Technology
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The art of communication allows people to express themselves in order to develop relationships. In business, this can be an employee dealing with a manager, executives communicating with stakeholders or managers talking with other business representatives. It is critical for there to be no confusion or misunderstandings when businesses try to develop relationships within themselves and with other business entities or clients/customers. To accomplish this, ethical communication principles must be followed, ensuring that all parties can receive the consistent truth, and understand what needs to be done, and how it needs to be done.
Development of Relationship
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PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION (info dump)
There is a myriad of core principles associated with ethical communication, starting with the core value of honesty which all other values are connected. However, it can be said that there is a value underlying honesty (with regard to ethical communication) and that is emotional intelligence/empathy as the precursor of all soft skills, which allows all personnel to be understood, and to effectively communicate with others.
Emotional intelligence, within the framework of ethical communication, allows one to understand the needs of others, and meet those needs in the most efficient manner possible as if you were in their shoes.
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PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
1. Be Truthful and Honest
2. Active Listening
3. Speak Non-Judgmentally
4. Speak from Your Own Experience
5. Consider the Receiver's Preferred Communication Channel
6. Strive to Understand
7. Avoid a Negative Tone
8. Do Not Interrupt Others
9. Respect Privacy and Confidentiality
10. Accept Responsibility
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There is a myriad of core principles associated with ethical communication, starting with the core value of honesty which all other values are connected. However, it can be said that there is a value underlying honesty (with regard to ethical communication) and that is emotional intelligence/empathy as the precursor of all soft skills, which allows all personnel to be understood, and to effectively communicate with others.
Emotional intelligence, within the framework of ethical communication, allows one to understand the needs of others, and meet those needs in the most efficient manner possible as if you were in their shoes.
PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
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Being honest means communicating what is known to be true (only 100 percent the facts) to a listener, with no intent to deceive or present only parts of the truth.
Be Truthful and Honest
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Letting the listener take the data that is objectively presented and believe what they choose to believe is a core goal of ethical communication.
Ethical communication should be based on accurate information and facts - in a word, do not
Be Truthful and Honest
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It also means being as objective as possible, that not tailoring the story based on what the speaker wants the listener to believe.
Be Truthful and Honest
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Hearing someone and listening to them are two different things. In order for ethical communication to be effective, it is necessary for the recipient to pro-actively listen to the speaker, and to not just hear what they want to hear, or to hear only parts of the conversation. This also means asking questions when any point is not completely understood, for the sake of clarification.
Active Listening
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Ethically and concisely communicating means speaking in a non-judgmental manner with every recipient, negating unnecessary conflict, which typically creates a breakdown in communication and causes misunderstandings.
Speak Non-Judgmentally
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Unnecessary conflict is never good for any business, and such conflicts usually result from unethical communications, with judgmental, accusatory, and overly critical comments often being the catalyst for such breakdowns in communication.
Speak Non-Judgmentally
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Bringing your personal experience into a dialogue with business listeners is important, providing backup for your arguments with something more tangible.
Speak from Your Own Experience
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Such a communication method (experiential communication) paints a complete picture for your audience and helps to prove your points so that the listeners have a better understanding of what is being said.
Speak from Your Own Experience
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You risk losing an audience if you use a communication channel that is not preferred by your intended receiver.
Consider the Receiver's Preferred Communication Channel
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To effectively communicate with your listeners, use the most preferred communication channel, whether that be face-to-face, email, conference call, phone call, messenger app, etc.
Consider the Receiver's Preferred Communication Channel
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Also, when presenting data to a business audience, be aware of the preferred method of presentation for that business, whether it be graphs, slides, PowerPoint presentations, etc.
Consider the Receiver's Preferred Communication Channel
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Additionally, since body language is very important, it is often preferred to meet business clients face-to-face.
Consider the Receiver's Preferred Communication Channel
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While it is important to be proactive in listening, it is important for listeners to also strive to fully understand what is being said before responding.
Strive to Understand
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While asking for clarification or confirmation of a point is fine, many times questions that listeners pose have already been answered. Listeners should think about what has been said before constructing a reply.
Strive to Understand
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Reading "in between the lines" is also an important skill that allows for understanding what isn't said but was implicitly said or implied.
Strive to Understand
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Ethically communicating assumes the speaker will avoid rudeness, be polite and professional, and have tact. The ethical communicator knows that it's not only important what you say, but how you say it. Tone is one of the most critical facets of communication. A listener may miss the meaning altogether if the tone is wrong, which can lead to unnecessary confrontations that decrease business productivity.
Avoid a Negative Tone
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Controlling one's tone goes along with self-control, a soft skill that allows one to know how they wish to reply to a terse business message (for instance) versus the most effective manner for replying.
Avoid a Negative Tone
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Essentially, keeping the tone positive or neutral is best, as the tone of a written message - or of one's voice - is always picked up by the receiver, and can alter how the message is received and/or understood.
Avoid a Negative Tone
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Additionally, while it is acceptable to be honest and open, tact - and professional maturity - means knowing when it is inappropriate to speak up, and when it is crucial to.
Avoid a Negative Tone
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also means knowing that being completely honest does not equate with being rude or negative - it is possible to be completely honest and open with one's thoughts and feelings while still remaining polite and respectful.
Tact
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Allowing others to speak is important for the creation of a civil, effective working environment.
Interrupting others results in misunderstandings and unnecessary conflicts and a breakdown in workplace communications, which only hinders corporate progress and creates problems. Interrupting others not only shows a lack of respect but does not allow the listener to fully grasp what is being said, which often results in incorrect assumptions being made.
Do Not Interrupt Others
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Most businesses should include a clause in their code of ethics defining what is appropriate when it comes to honoring client and employee confidentiality and privacy. This can have a wide range of implications, including minimizing workplace gossip and mitigating toxic conversations about the private lives of clients and/or personnel.
Respect Privacy and Confidentiality
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As noted, before, a core tenet within any ethical communication framework is taking responsibility for the actions that result from one's words, whether it be good or bad.
Accept Responsibility
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This includes both short-term and long-term consequences of one's communications. Owning one's words reinforces the importance of being conscientious about ethical communication.
Accept Responsibility
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Communicare - Latin for “to share”
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— Etymology:
Communis - a Latin word
Communico - a Latin word
Communicacio - a Latin word Communicacion - Old French
Communication - English
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“Brief History of Communication”
- Human Voice
- Carving
- Petroglyphs
- Pictograms
- Ideograms (/ideograph/ideogrphy)
- Writing
- Papyrus
- William Caxton
- First newspaper
- Alexander Graham Bell
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No words involved (but sometimes included body language & gestures)
Imitation of sounds (onomatopoeia)
Human Voice
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- Stone age (30,000 BCE — 3,000 BCE)
Carving
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-way of carving (by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art)
Petroglyphs
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mnemonic purposes - learning devices in order to understand others
Petroglyphs
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Used to convey stories, mark trails, and communicate religious beliefs
Petroglyphs
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- Used in Ancient World Civilization
- Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Rome, Italy, China.
It indicates that the ancient civilizations were always traveling, adapting, and contributing to others.
Writing
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- Also called: pictogramme, pictograph, or simply picto.
Pictograms
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-U ses abstract symbols that represent ideas, concepts, or statements independent of any particular language.
Ideograms (/ideograph/ideogrphy)
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uses picture-like symbols that have visual resemblance to a physical object to represent an idea, object, data, or concept
- E.g. hazard signs with a fire symbol, etc.
Pictograms
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- A type of parchment/paper made of the plant
Papyrus
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- Introduced (invented) the first printing press in England (1476)
William Caxton
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the plant was abundant in Egypt -through trade, China acquired them and invented the papyrus (parchment/paper)
- Used to document things
Used in diplomas
- Famous in Korea and Egypt
Papyrus
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The first English retailer of printed books.
William Caxton
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First Newspaper was invented in?
England November 1641 on the eve of the English Civil War.
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- He is also the Father of Modern Communication
Alexander Graham Bell
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Invented the first working/practical telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell
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Scottish-Canadian inventor and scientist
Alexander Graham Bell
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Co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885
Alexander Graham Bell
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Has patents for the telephone and telegraph, the photophone, aerial vehicles and hydro-planes.
Alexander Graham Bell
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PEOPLE
1. Aristotle—father of communication and ublic speaking
2. William Caxton—invented/introduced the first printing press (england, 1476)
3. Alexander Graham Bell—He is also the Father of Modern Communication. Invented the first working/practical telephone.
4. Claude Shannon—A brilliant mathematician and engineer, Shannon worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories and made significant contributions to information theory, including the development of the Shannon-Weaver model. Scottish-Canadian inventor and scientist. Co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1885.Has patents for the telephone and telegraph, the photophone, aerial vehicles and hydro-planes.
5. Warren Weaver—A scientist who also worked at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Weaver collaborated with Shannon to develop the model and help make it accessible to a wider audience.
6. Charles Osgood—an American psychologist who earned his Ph.D. in psychology from Yale University in 1945. He is known for developing the semantic differential, a technique for measuring the connotative meaning of concepts and understanding people's perceptions, biases, and attitudes.
7. Wilbur Schramm—Schramm was a communication scholar who made significant contributions to the field of mass communication. He developed a model of communication that portrayed communication as cyclical, with the sender and receiver sending and receiving messages interchangeably.
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COMMUNICATION PICTURE
1. BUILDING
2. AIRPLANE
3. BLUE SKY
4. EARTH OR GLOBE
5. ARROWS
6. GREENERIES
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communication is?
Communication is the process of understanding and sharing meaning.
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal communication
2. Non-verbal communication
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is both an art and a science. It often involves acts of speaking and listening, reading, and writing, but it also goes beyond these and incorporates the transmission of non-verbal language, sign language, codes transmitted electronically (e.g., Morse code), and physically (touch; hormones; muscles, tendons, nerves), and messages communicated through music, and by other means.
Communication
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refers to a form of communication that uses spoken and written words for expressing and transferring views and ideas. Language is the most important tool of verbal communication, and it is the area where cultural differences play its role. All countries have different languages and to have a better understanding of different cultures it is required to have knowledge of the languages of different countries.
Verbal communication
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- it includes face-to-face conversations, speech, video, voice-over, and internet;
- influenced by pitch, volume, speed, clarity of speaking as a fault
Oral Communication
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spoken words are used;
Oral Communication
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elements of oral communication
ELEMENTS
Pitch – highness or lowness.
Volume – loudness or softness.
Speed – rate.
- Fast – can be jumbled.
- Slow – loss of interest.
Clarity – clear manner and diction –
to avoid misunderstanding
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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF Oral Communication
Advantages:
1. It brings quick feedback.
2. Facial expression and body language are visible.
Disadvantages:
1. In a face-to-face discussion, the speaker is unable to deeply think about what he/ she is delivering.
others:
ADVANTAGES
Immediate feedback
Able to read the facial expressions of the person who are talking to.
Suitable for a private conversation.
DISADVANTAGES
Easily forgotten, short-term memory.
No correction, case to case basis.
No legality
Speaker is unable to think deeply - no coherence, jumbled, there’s no sense at all.
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ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF Written Communication
Advantages:
1. Messages can be edited and revised
2. Written communication provide record and backup.
3. A written message enables the receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages:
1. It does not bring immediate feedback.
2. It takes more time to compose a written message as a number of people struggle with their writing ability.
others:
ADVANTAGES
Record and back-up.
It can be edited and revised
Fully understand the message properly and provide appropriate feedback – comprehend.
DISADVANTAGES
Time-consuming
No immediate feedback.
Not all are writers.
It can lead to miscommunication.
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is a very wide concept, and it includes all the other forms of communication that do not use written or spoken
Non-verbal communication
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written words, signs, or symbols are used to communicate.
- messages can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo,
Written Communication
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Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication
* Non-verbal communication gives hints of how people feel.
* Non-verbal communication makes it impossible for people not to communicate.
* Non-verbal communication primarily involves attitudes, not ideas.
* Non-verbal communication behavior provides clues, not facts.
* Non-verbal communication provides much more information than verbal communication.
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refers to the way our facial muscles are set to indicate emotions or feelings of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, excitement, indifference, and disgust, among others. Some researchers claim that facial displays are inborn, while others like Birdwhistell say they are acquired or learned (Wahlstrom 92). Whether or not they are inborn facial expressions can be managed and controlled. We can get our faces to express what we want to convey and hide what we want to hide. For instance, we can make a face, keep a "poker face" and create other faces to go along with how we feel.
Facial Expression/Display
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is a purposive movement of our finger's hands, arms, head or shoulders to describe, suggest or emphasize something. For example, we expect to see a hand gesture to accompany the verbal description
"this long", a gesture of shrugging a shoulder or tossing the head with the verbal suggestion "something like that" and a pointing finger, a pounding clenched fist, or some other gestures with the verbal emphasis "stop it right now"
'. People, however, differ in the amount of gesturing that they make while talking; some "talk with
their hands" more than others.
Gesture
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ELEMENTS of Non-verbal communication
1. Appearance
- Speaker - clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics
- Surrounding - room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings.
2. Body Language
- Facial Expression/Display
- Gesture
- Posture
3. Paralinguistics
4. Proxemics
5. Eye Gaze
6. Haptics
7. Artifacts
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- refers to the act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye.
Appearance can alter the physiological responses, conclusions, and analyses. "First impression lasts."
Appearance
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means our manner of bearing the body, while we are in standing or sitting position. The generally accepted posture is when we are erect but appear relaxed. Posture indicates self-confidence, status, friendliness, and mood. Poor posture in an interview may mean that a person is disrespectful, unenthusiastic, or lazy. Even changes in posture can convey meaning. Suddenly sitting upright and leaning forward means "I'm interested" and standing up signals "T'm done".
Posture
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- refers to the non-verbal element of speech, and to a limited extent of writing, used to modify meaning and convey emotion such as pitch, volume, loudness, tone of voice, inflection, and intonation.
- also includes whimpering, laughing, giggling, and vocalized pauses such um, ah, and er.
Paralinguistics
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it is lexically defined as the condition or action of looking at another human or animal in the eye. The eyes play a vital role in non-verbal communication and such things as looking, staring, and linking are important non-verbal behaviors.
Eye Gaze
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refers to space and territory in layman's terms and pertains to the study of the effects of physical distance between people in different cultures and societies. People often refer to their need for "personal space," which is also a vital form of non-verbal communication. The extent of distance we need and the quantity of space we see as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors such as social standards, cultural opportunities, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of familiarity.
Proxemics
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in non-verbal communication, artifacts refer to objects and images that are used to communicate non-verbally. The things or objects people wear use, or associate with their cultures are typical examples of artifacts.
Artifacts
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it pertains to the study of the sense of touch. Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy, and other
Haptics
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is a communication that occurs in your own mind. It is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs.
Examples are when you make any kind of decision - what to eat or wear. When you think about something - what you want to do on the weekend or when you think about another person.
Intrapersonal Communication
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LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Intrapersonal Communication
2. Interpersonal communication
3. Small Group communication
4. One-to-group communication
5. Mass communication
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is communication within formal or informal groups or teams. It is group interaction that results in decision-making, problem-solving, and discussion within an organization.
* Examples would be a group planning a surprise birthday party for someone. A team working together on a project.
Small Group communication
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is the communication between two people but can involve more in informal conversations.
* Examples are when you are talking to your friends. A teacher and student discussing an assignment. A patient and a doctor discussing a treatment. A manager and a potential employee during an interview.
Interpersonal communication
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involves a speaker who seeks to inform, persuade, or motivate an audience.
* Examples are a teacher and a class of students. A preacher and a congregation. A speaker and an assembly of people in the auditorium.
One-to-group communication
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is the electronic or print transmission of messages to the general public.
Outlets called mass media include things like radio, television, film, and printed materials designed to reach large audiences.
* A television commercial. A magazine article. Hearing a song on the radio.
* Books, Newspapers, Billboards. The key is that you are reaching a large amount of people without it being face-to-face. Feedback is generally delayed with mass communication.
Mass communication
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consist of the validated guidelines that are used in performing different tasks or functions to achieve pre-defined goals. These are guide in forming a message, its style, and its importance so that it becomes more effective for the target audience.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
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in communication means that one should stick to the point and keep it brief.
- The message or information should be articulated completely in such a way that it is forwarded to the desired audience or receivers in fewer words or signals.
- Avoiding "filler words"
Conciseness
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The Seven (7) Cs of Communication
1. Conciseness
2. Courtesy
3. Correctness
4. Clarity
5. Completeness
6. Coherence
7. Concreteness
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- True courtesy involves being aware not only of the perspective of others but also of their feelings.
- The sender should show respect to the audience or receiver.
- Avoid expressions that might hurt, irritate, or insult the receiver.
- Courtesy stems from a simple "You" attitude.
Courtesy
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- The core of correctness is proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
- Using the right level of language and acceptable writing mechanics.
- Choose a non-discriminatory language.
- Accuracy of facts, figures, and words.
Correctness
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- The message being conveyed must be clear.
- Getting the meaning from your head to the head of your reader.
- Choose short, familiar, and conversational words depending on the situation.
Clarity
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In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel
by an encoder.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
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- The message is complete when it contains all the facts the reader or listener needs for the reaction you desire.
Able to answer all the questions.
- Providing extra or additional information and elaboration if necessary.
Completeness
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Being specific, definite, and vivid rather than vague and general or unclear in conveying the message.
Use specific facts and figures to strengthen the message or idea.
- The clear and particular message is defining a concrete message.
Concreteness
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- The communication should be both consistent and logical
All terms of the message should be interconnected and relevant to the message being conveyed.
- The flow of the message should be in order to be able to understand by the receiver.
Coherence
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BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION [PESOCPS]
1. Environmental noise.
2. Physiological-impairment noise.
3. Semantic noise.
4. Syntactical noise.
5. Organizational noise.
6. Cultural noise.
7. Psychological noise.
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Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to loudspeakers at a party, or the noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it difficult to hear the professor.
Environmental noise.
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Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness prevent messages from being received as they were intended.
Physiological-impairment noise.
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Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the word
"weed" can be interpreted as an undesirable plant in a yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana.
Semantic noise.
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Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a sentence.
Syntactical noise.
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Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost.
Organizational noise.
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MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
2. SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION(1948)
3. OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION(1954)
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Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as autism may also severely hamper effective communication.
Psychological noise.
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* Where the first communication model is attributed
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a "Merry Christmas"
Cultural noise.
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> Key points:
Ethos - source credibility
Pathos - understanding audiences
Logos - pertains to message, design, and strategy
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication.
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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* The sender is an active participant, and the receiver is passive.
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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* This concept is used in public speaking, seminars, and lectures.
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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In 1948, Shannon was an American mathematician, Electronic engineer and Weaver was an American scientist both of them wrote an article in "Bell System Technical Journal" called "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", also called as "Shannon-Weaver model of communication".
SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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This model is more technological than other linear models.
SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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Specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver.
SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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This model was presented by Osgood and Schramm in 1954
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Principles of Osgood-Schramm's Modell of Communication
* That communication is circular, not linear. The listener can both receive and send messages (in most instances).
* That communication is usually equal and reciprocal.
* That there is a lot of interpretation involved when receiving a message.
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* This model was presented by Wilbur Schramm and adapted from the theories of another scientist, Osgood, thus calling it Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication.
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* That communication is circular, not linear. The listener can both receive and send messages (in most instances).
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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* That communication is usually equal and reciprocal.
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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* That there is a lot of interpretation involved when receiving a message.
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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*That all communication requires three steps: encoding, decoding, and interpreting a message.
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
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means a person who initiates the communication and conveys its ideas to the receiver. It is the source of the process.
1. Senders:
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It cumulatively involves all the actions of the receiver indicating that he received and understood the message by senders.
7. Feedback:
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The content, ideas, emotions, suggestions, order all fall under this element of communication.
2. Message:
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The method to convert the message into communication syllables like picture, word, gestures, etc.
3. Encoding:
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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION [SMEMDRFN]
1. Senders:
2. Message:
3. Encoding:
4. Media:
5. Decoding:
6. Receiver:
7. Feedback:
8. Noise:
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The trail along which the encoded message is transmitted to the receiver. The channel could be written, face-to-face, calls or any suitable manner.
4. Media:
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The opposite of the encoding process, the conversion of the encoded syllables is done by the receiver.
5. Decoding:
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The obstruction or hindrance in the entire process in the communication. This hindrance might be caused by the sender, receiver or the message
8. Noise:
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The last person in the chain who finally receives the message from the sender and takes an action as per requirement.
6. Receiver:
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PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION [i5, TEDEO]
1. For instruction:
2. For integration:
3. For information:
4. For evaluation:
5. For direction:
6. For teaching:
7. For influencing:
8. For image building:
9. For employees' orientation:
10. Other: Effective decision-making
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The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with the commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the communicator transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to accomplish his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the lower level.
1. For instruction:`
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It is consolidated function under which integration of activities is endeavored. The integration function of communication mainly involves to bring about inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It helps in the unification of different management functions.
2. For integration:
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Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the worth of task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to appraise the individual or team, their contribution to the organization. Evaluating one's own inputs or other's outputs or some ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication process.
4. For evaluation:
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The purposes or function of communication in an organization is to inform the individual or group about the particular task or company policies and procedures etc. Top management informs policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn, the lower level informs the top level the reaction through the middle level. Information can flow vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization.
Becoming informed or inform others is the main purpose of communication.
3. For information:
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Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top management or manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he is directed by his senior. Directing others may be communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be common order, request order or implied order.
5. For direction:
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The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A complete communication process is required to teach and educate workers about personal safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and avoid cost, procedures etc.
6. For teaching:
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A complete communication process is necessary in influencing others or being influenced.
The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade others. It implies the provision of feedback which tells the effect of communication.
7. For influencing:
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A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the society. There is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and an enterprise operating in the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily created among the public. It can be done by the communication with the different media, which has to project the image of the firm in the society. Through an effective external communication system, an enterprise has to inform the society about its goals, activities, progress and social responsibility.
8. For image building:
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When a new employee enter into the organization at that time he or she will be unknown to the organization programs, policies, culture etc. Communication helps to make people acquainted with the co-employees, superior and with the policies, objectives, rules and regulations of the organization.
9. For employees' orientation:
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is possible when required and adequate information is supplied to the decision-maker. Effective communication helps the process of decision making. In general, everyone in the organization has to provide with necessary information so as to enable to discharge tasks effectively and efficiently.
10. Other: Effective decision-making
