speaking Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
is an act of making vocal sounds. It is a verbal skill that involves words and sounds. It is a complex cognitive and linguistic skill.
A
SPEAKING
2
Q
constructed the mnemonic, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G to facilitate the application of each representation
A
Dell Hymes (1974)
3
Q
S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G
A
S - Setting and Scene
P - Participants
E - Ends
A - Acts Sequence
K - Key
I - Instrumentalities
N - Norms
G - Genre
4
Q
Hymes grouped sixteen components within eight divisions that can be applied to many sorts of discourse which are?
A
- message form;
- message content;
- setting;
- scene;
- speaker/sender;
- addressor;
- hearer/receiver/audience;
- addressee; purposes (outcomes);
- purposes (goals); key;
- channels;
- forms of speech;
- norms of interaction;
- norms of interpretation; and
- genres.
5
Q
TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS
A
a. Interactive
b. Partially interactive
c. Non-interactive
6
Q
When two or more people speak or talk to each other, the conversation is called a?
A
dialogue
7
Q
participants alternately speak and listen.
A
Interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
8
Q
Ex. face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, group meetings
A
Interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
9
Q
only the speaker speaks, and the feedback is the audience’s attentiveness, small gestures like nodding, etc.
A
Partially interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
10
Q
Ex. giving a speech to a large audience
A
Partially interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
11
Q
the audience cannot interact immediately.
A
Non-interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
12
Q
Ex. Radio/Television broadcast
A
Non-interactive (TYPES OF SPEAKING SITUATIONS)
13
Q
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
A
a. Intimate
b. Casual
c. Consultative
d. Formal
e. Frozen
14
Q
This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals.
A
Intimate
15
Q
This style is frozen in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
A
Frozen
16
Q
The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
A
Intimate
17
Q
This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used
A
Casual
18
Q
This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.
A
Consultative
19
Q
Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer or President.
A
Consultative
20
Q
Examples are sermons of priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President.
A
Formal
21
Q
This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one way.
A
Formal
22
Q
Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
A
Frozen
23
Q
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
A
a. Exploratory/Informative Speech
b. Persuasive Speech
c. Entertainment Speech
24
Q
This type of speech provides information history, theories, practical applications, and etc. that can help the listeners understand something that is unknown to them or already known but not yet clearly understood.
A
Exploratory/Informative Speech
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It is also meant to help the listeners understand a topic in a more in-depth manner by providing the following in an organized way:
* new data
* data that are not readily available to everyone
* data already know to the audience but looked at in a different way
Exploratory/Informative Speech
26
A persuasive speech is written to persuade, or convince the listeners, of the validity of the speaker's argument.
Persuasive Speech
27
This might involve persuading someone to change their opinion or at the very least consider some elements that have not really been considered before.
Persuasive Speech
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It is a speech intends to captivate an audience's attention and amuse them while delivering a message.
Entertainment Speech
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The purpose is not only to tell jokes. Neither is it the purpose of the speaker to have the audience laughing throughout the speech.
Entertainment Speech
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is a process, an act and an art of making a speech before an audience.
Public speaking
31
The art of speaking in public is not new. Its long tradition can be traced back to ______________________. Any young men leaving at that time were expected to acquire and develop public speaking skills as part of their duties as citizens.
— Classical Greece (approximately 490-322 BC)
32
The first rules of a public speech were elaborated on over __________ years ago by the Greek philosopher and teacher of __________________________—____________.
The first rules of a public speech were elaborated on over 2000 years ago by the Greek philosopher and teacher of Alexander the Great—Aristotle.
33
Absolutely everyone from the age of ___________ has found themselves in situations where they have had to speak publicly.
10 to 90
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However, telling an anecdote at a corporate party, introducing yourself in class or delivering a paper at a conference does not necessarily make you a?
public speaker.
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THREE PARTS OF PERSUASION BY ARISTOTLE
1. Ethos (credibility or the speaker)
2. Logos (logic behind any conclusions drawn by a speaker)
3. Pathos (emotional appeal or ability to create connection between the speaker and his audience)
36
First, in order to be asked to share their thoughts, observations, and ideas publicly a speaker should possess a certain level of authority and knowledge about the chosen topic
Ethos
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To make sure that the message is received and understood correctly by the audience, it has to be conveyed in a clear, informative, and logical manner
Logos
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development and refinement of the argument (finding ways to persuade)
Invention
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And to capture and hold the audience's attention the speaker must first establish an emotional connection with the listeners.
Pathos
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CICERO'S FIVE CANONS OF RHETORIC (Cicero believed that the process of eloquent speech preparation consists of five main steps:) (enumerate)
* Invention
* Arrangement
* Style
* Memory
* Delivery
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creation of the structure of a coherent argument
Arrangement
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the process of determining how to present an argument, using rhetorical techniques, and choosing the words that have the greatest impact on the audience
Style
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the process of learning and memorizing the speech while making it sound natural
Memory
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the process of making effective use of voice and body language
Delivery
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After the ascension of ___________, public speaking techniques developed in _______________ were copied and modified by the ________________. Here, ___________ lost its dominance in the political arena, but gained wide popularity as a form of entertainment, allowing famous ____________ to gain ______________________ and ___________ by using their public speaking skills. Amongst such people was ___________________________
After the ascension of Rome, public speaking techniques developed in Greece were copied and modified by the Romans. Here, oratory lost its dominance in the political arena, but gained wide popularity as a form of entertainment, allowing famous orators to gain political power and wealth by using their public speaking skills. Amongst such people was Marcus Tullis Cicero.
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Around _________ Cicero wrote his ______________ called "______________________________" where he explained his "_________________________________________" that are widely used by many public speakers up to this day
Around 50 B.C. Cicero wrote his treatise called "De Oratore" where he explained his "Five Canons of Rhetoric" that are widely used by many public speakers up to this day
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a lawyer, politician, philosopher, who gained fame as Rome's greatest orator.
Marcus Tullis Cicero
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METHODS OF DELIVERY IN PUBLIC SPEAKING
a. Impromptu Speaking
b. Manuscript Speaking
c. Extemporaneous Speaking
d. Speaking from Memory
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prompted by the occasion rather than being planned in advance. While famous public speakers often joke that best speeches of this delivery should be prepared weeks in advance, usually in real life we have very little or no time to prepare before we speak in front of the audience.
Impromptu Speaking
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examples of this could be your boss asking you to bring the rest of your team up to date, or a group of friends urging you to say a few words at a non-profit event
impromptu speech
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is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is asked to "say a few words" or give a toast on a special occasion.
Impromptu Speaking
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"What did you think of the documentary?"
Another example of impromptu speaking occurs when you answer a question
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"Hi, my name is Steve, and I'm a volunteer with the Homes for the Brave program."
Self-introductions in group settings are examples of impromptu speaking
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The advantage of Impromptu Speaking
is that it's spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context.
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The disadvantage of Impromptu Speaking
is that the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message. As a result, the message may be disorganized and difficult for listeners to follow.
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This type of speech is written like a _________________ and is meant to be delivered word for word.
Manuscript Speaking
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are used on many political and social occasions, when every word carries a lot of weight and should not be misquoted.
Manuscript speeches
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One of the most common examples of a manuscript speech is?
a political figure delivering a speech that has been written by another person.
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a political figure delivering a speech that has been written by another person is an example of what?
Manuscript speeches
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Self-introductions in group settings is an example of what?
impromptu speaking
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when you answer a question is an example of what?
impromptu speaking
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In a ___________________________, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids.
manuscript speech
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The advantage of reading from a manuscript is?
the exact repetition of original words.
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In some circumstances, manuscript reading can be extremely important, for example?
For example, reading a statement about your organization's legal responsibilities to customers may require that the original words be exact.
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In reading one word at a time, in order,(manuscript reading) the only errors would typically be?
mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over complex sentence structure.
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there are costs involved in manuscript speaking: (enumerate)
1. First, it's typically an uninteresting way to present.
— Unless the speaker has rehearsed the reading as a complete performance animated with vocal expression and gestures (as poets do in a poetry slam and actors do in a reader's theatre), the **presentation tends to be dull.**
2. Keeping one's eyes glued to the script precludes eye contact with the audience.
3. For this kind of "straight" manuscript speech to hold audience attention, the audience must already be interested in the message before the delivery begins.
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is the most commonly used type of speech that helps to establish emotional connection with the audience.
Extemporaneous speech
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It is built around key points, but the material can be presented freely, allowing the speaker to make changes in their speech based on the listeners' reaction.
Extemporaneous speech
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The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate more clearly any idea or concept that the audience seems to have trouble grasping.
Extemporaneous speaking
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is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
Extemporaneous speaking
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By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are understanding the speech as it progresses.
Extemporaneous speaking
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The advantage of Extemporaneous speaking
— It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible.
— In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.
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is that it's spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context.
The advantage of Impromptu Speaking
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In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.
The advantage of Extemporaneous speaking
75
The disadvantage of Extemporaneous speaking
— it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components of the speech.
— Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before you're scheduled to speak.
76
is that the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message. As a result, the message may be disorganized and difficult for listeners to follow.
The disadvantage of Impromptu Speaking
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is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.
Speaking from Memory/Memorized speaking
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the exact repetition of original words.
The advantage of reading from a manuscript
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mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over complex sentence structure.
In some circumstances, manuscript reading can be extremely important, for example?
80
It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible.
The advantage of Extemporaneous speaking
81
Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before you're scheduled to speak.
The disadvantage of Extemporaneous speaking
82
it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components of the speech.
The disadvantage of Extemporaneous speaking
83
Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a stage play, television program, or movie scene.
example of Speaking from Memory/Memorized speaking/ Memorization
84
When it comes to speeches, this can be useful when the message needs to be exact, and the speaker doesn't want to be confined by notes.
memorization
85
The advantage of memorization
— is that it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech.
— Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make gestures.
— If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage.
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is that it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech.
The advantage of memorization
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f your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage.
The advantage of memorization
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Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make gestures.
The advantage of memorization
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The disadvantage of memorization
1. First, unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer.
— You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern.
— You might also present your speech in a rapid "machine-gun" style that fails to emphasize the most important points.
2. Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong.
3. More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.
90
First, unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer.
The disadvantage of memorization
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You might also present your speech in a rapid "machine-gun" style that fails to emphasize the most important points.
The disadvantage of memorization
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You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern.
The disadvantage of memorization
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Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong.
The disadvantage of memorization
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More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.
The disadvantage of memorization
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The positive outcome of a speech does not depend solely on the ____________________ of the speaker. It is influenced by many factors such as the?(enumerate). Some factors are out of the speaker's control.
The positive outcome of a speech does not depend solely on the oratory skills of the speaker. It is influenced by many factors such as
— the topic of presentation,
— the attitude of the audience, the quality of the material,
— the length of the speech and so on.
Some factors are out of the speaker's control.
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THE THREE P's OF SUCCESSFUL PUBLIC SPEAKING
a. Preparation
b. Practice
c. Performance
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the outcome of the speech is largely predetermined by?
the weeks of preparation undertaken.
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It is important to consider three key elements in the preparation of speech
* The audience - WHO is the speech written for?
* The purpose - WHAT is the main objective of the speech?
* The direction of the speech - HOW will the speech be
presented?
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The more you talk in public, the more you train your mind and body to recognize speaking as a familiar and safe situation, the more confident you will feel in the spotlight.
Practice
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allows you to discover awkward phrases and tongue-twisters that are hard to notice when you first write your speech.
Practice
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When getting ready for your speech, become a?
long-term optimist and a short-term pessimist.
102
It reduces nervousness and helps transform anxiety into excitement on the day of the presentation.
Practice
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this could be beneficial when you want to "polish" your body language and gestures for the presentation.
Practicing your speech in front of the mirror
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Do the final "dress rehearsal".
Practice
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Plan your presentation keeping in mind that every micro detail could go wrong and finding effective solutions to either prevent or solve it.
Performance
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OVERCOMING FEAR OF PUBLIC SPEAKING (enumerate)
a. Deep breathing
b. Shifting focus outwards
c. Visualizing
d. Focusing on facts, not fears
e. Building your speech on clarity, not complexity
f. Posture
g. Body Placement
h. Arms
i. Facial expression
j. Tone of Voice
k. Paralanguage
l. The P o w e r of Pause
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Believe in your heart that your presentation will go wonderfully and that audience will love it, but prepare yourself for little slips, unexpected technical troubles, and other problems that may arise on the day of your performance
Performance
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According to national surveys and research results, this ranks among the top dreads, surpassing the fear of heights, fear of spiders and even fear of death itself.
fear of public speaking (or glossophobia)
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fear of public speaking aka?
glossophobia
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It is much easierto build a business or to advance in your career when you are able to? speak with confidence and authenticity to any size group
speak with confidence and authenticity to any size group
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hould not turn into an obstacle to your professional and personal growth.
fear of public speaking (or glossophobia)
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Such strong emotions as anxiety and fear trigger in your body very specific "fight or flight" response: your muscles tighten, your heart rate increases, your blood pressure goes up and your breathing becomes shallow. While this physical reaction may be helpful in escaping danger it is hardly helpful during the presentation (as you can neither run away from your audience, nor fight with it).
Deep breathing
113
However, since your breathing rate is directly connected to your emotional reaction, the fastest and easiest way to take your emotions under control and regain confidence is through deep breathing.
Deep breathing
114
Whether you are to talk to potential clients or make a presentation to your team, make sure that you remember to breathe deeply and evenly before and during your speech.
Deep breathing
115
Many people perform worse than they could because they focus too much on their physical symptoms (i.e., butterflies, shaky hands, sweaty palms) and on their embarrassment instead of concentrating on their breathing and their speech.
Shifting focus outwards
116
This problem could be easily avoided by shifting focus from how we feel or look to the message we want to share with our audience.
Shifting focus outwards
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Visualization or mental rehearsal has been routinely used by many top athletes as a part of the training for a competition.
Visualizing
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In addition to athletics, research has shown that visualization helps to improve performance in such areas as communication, public speaking, and education.
Visualizing
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To ensure that your presentation goes smoothly, aside from actual preparation and therehearsal of your speech, take ***10- 15 minutes*** a day to relax, close your eyes and visualize the room you are speaking in, the people in the auditorium and you confidently delivering your speech, smiling, and moving across the stage.
Visualizing
120
Instead of focusing on irrational fears (e.g., mind going blank, audience getting bored) concentrate your thoughts on positive facts such as: "I have practiced my speech many times", "I am an expert on this topic", "I have notes with major bullet points to keep the structure of my talk."
Focusing on facts, not fears
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Focusing on positive facts and on what you can offer takes your thoughts away from irrational scenarios about what can go wrong.
Focusing on facts, not fears
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While it is often tempting to include as much useful information in your speech as possible, practice shows that this might not be a good idea.
Building your speech on clarity, not complexity
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Organizing the speech or presentation around two ***three main points***, allows you to relax and not worry so much about running out of time or forgetting to mention something important to the listeners.
Building your speech on clarity, not complexity
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Slouching shoulders and tensed muscles and abrupt, anxious movements might not be so obvious to the speaker, but this nervousness, tension and lack of conviction are quickly transmitted to the audience.
Posture
125
If you want your listeners to feel comfortable and interested by your speech, make sure that you keep a relaxed and upright posture.
Posture
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Do not lean or grip the lectern as if your life depends on it and avoid shifting your weight from one foot to another as it can become distracting.
Posture
127
Often, new speakers trap themselves behind a podium, using it as a 'psychological' barricade between themselves and their audience.
Body Placement
128
Needless to say, doing this does not help to establish a connection with the audience or keep them interested in the message. Even if you usually speak from behind a lectern it is a good idea to step away occasionally.
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Doing this in the direction of your listeners is a sign of trust and openness. This is also a great way to make a clear transition from one point to another, allowing a speaker to quickly regain the listeners' attention.
Movement
130
While on stage, be careful of using hand gestures that reveal anxiety such as clenching your hands together, clutching notes, fiddling with your clothing, or hiding your hands in your pockets.
Arms
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Even ifyou feel nervous, practice speaking with your arms relaxed at your sides as it helps to convey your calm attitude, sincerity and openness.
Arms
132
When it comes to establishing a connection with your audience and winning their admiration, there is nothing more effective than a genuine smile.
Facial expression
133
As a speaker, you should be the first one to demonstrate your sympathy and interest in your audience and the best way to do it is by smiling and looking at your listeners as you talk.
Facial expression
134
A speaker's confidence, emotional state and attitude is often revealed in the tone of voice. In the area of public speaking your voice becomes a powerful instrument that allows you to engage, charm and encourage your audience to listen.
Tone of Voice
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refers to the non-verbal elements of communication, such as:
* pace (speed)
* pitch (highness or lowness of voice)
* volume (loudness)
* enunciation of vocal speech.
Paralanguage
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The study dedicated to the vocal part of non-verbal communication
paralinguistics
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"The right word may be effective, but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause." - Mark Twain
The Power of Pause
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Often when people feel nervous or excited, they tend to rush through their delivery, hoping to get the presentation over as quickly as possible.
The Power of Pause
139
As you can probably guess, talking at a fast pace makes it challenging for the listeners to mentally keep up with the speaker and follow the speaker's train of thought. While some of the message might get through, most will not, as people will quickly lose interest in the presentation.
The Power of Pause
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Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices (ACC means?)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
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helps an individual to communicate more effectively with people
around them
COMMUNICATION AID
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a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
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uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-tech methods, with pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with words and with alternative hardware options available to provide access.
Aided communication
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does not use additional equipment. Body language, gesture, vocalization, signing is typically used.
Unaided communication
141
These include gesture, signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards and books, as well as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs).
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
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There are t w o main types of AAC system (enumerate)
1. Unaided Communication and
2. Aided Communication
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Whilst a __________________ method of communication like a simple, laminated communication book to carry around with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a communication aid, the term 'device' would only describe a more _________________ solution.
Whilst a **low-tech** method of communication like a simple, laminated communication book to carry around with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a communication aid, the term 'device' would only describe a more **high-tech** solution.
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can be a dedicated device built for that job, which does nothing else, or it can be a standard computer running specialist communication aid software as wel — this includes Apple tablets which are increasingly being used to help people communicate.
electronic communication aid
142
note: Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It used to be that you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has changed this completely. It is important for people to consider every aspect of how they are relaying information. This is where communication strategies come into play.
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are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.
Communication strategies
143
can be seen through signs, web pages, and illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation.
Visual communication strategies
144
is required to post certain visuals throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.
Human resources
145
It is a stand-alone presentation that includes information, presented with slides, video or digital presentation and includes sound.
Presentation of Media
146
Using Traditional Visual and Audio Media (enumerate)
* Overhead Transparencies
* Flip Chart
* White board/chalk board
* Document Camera
* Video
* Handouts
* Sound recordings
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Transparencies are clear acetate pages displayed by an overhead projector during a speech.
Overhead Transparencies
147
a large pad paper that rest on an easel allowing the speaker to record.
Flip Chart
148
these materials can also help you achieve the same outcome.
White board/chalk board
149
is a projector device.
Document Camera
149
showing a video clip can elicit an emotional response from the audience.
Video
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are sheet of paper containing relevant information that some speakers use in conjunction with other presentation media.
Handouts
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sounds, like visual images can stimulate mental images triggering the imagination and setting mood.
Sound recordings
151
Using Computer Technology
* Digital Slides
* Real- Time Web Access
* Blogging
* Vlogging
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a presentation software commonly using PowerPoint, It allows computer users to display information in multimedia presentation.
Digital Slides
153
use to demonstrate how to do something special on the web such as researching an idea.
Real- Time Web Access
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has become one of the most effective ways of communicating and networking among students, professionals, businessmen, public officials etc.
Blogging
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has become indispensable medium of communication
Blogging
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can be used effectively for academic purposes. According to Richardson (2006), the use of these has been engaging and effective way to promote writing skills for primary students, particularly when student peers provide feedback to the blog.
Blogging
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is a shortened form of weblog, these are personal journal websites on which a user can type an entry and add images, videos, and links to other websites. Usually, readers of a this can post comments.
blog
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Similar with essay writing, there are effective ways of introducing a blog.
Here are some suggestions: (enumerate)
1. Be short and direct.
2. Ask thought-provoking question:
3. Ask multiple-choice questions.
4. Share a shocking fact or statistic.
5. Share something personal.
6. Withhold a compelling piece of information.
7. Refute a conventional wisdom.
8. Lead with a success story.
9. Start with a reader's question.
10. Share a quote.
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is a new platform to communicate with many users of social media.
Vlog
158
is a video that documents a person's life.
Vlog
158
It is a ____________________ of the word 'video' and 'blog'.
portmanteau
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is a video blog that records a person's thoughts, opinions, and interests typically for publication on the internet (Baker, 2019):
Vlog
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is a blog, or web log, that includes video clips. It may be entirely video-based or may include both video and written commentary
Vlog
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Several types of vlogs are available on the Web, including? (enumerate)
— instructional videos,
— travel updates, and
— personal commentaries
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difference and similarity of vlog and blog?
The difference between vlog and blog is that blog is a written piece of communication whereas a vlog is created in a video format. Both has the capabilities to be creative and give insights to its audience
