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IGCSE History Flashcards

1
Q

Georges Clemenceau (France) opinion on Germany (2)

A

wanted to weaken german forces

make germany pay for destruction

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2
Q

Hitler 1921

A

became party leader

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3
Q

Night of the Long Knives June 1934 (5)

A

SS arrested 200 SA (90 casualties)

taken to Munich to be executed

revenge on old enemies (von Kahr + Schleicher)

removed possible Nazi leadership rival (Gregor Strasser)

Hitler claimed he defended Germany against a plot by Rohm

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4
Q

Date of Spartacist Uprising in Berlin

A

January 5 1919

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5
Q

Impact of Hungarian uprising (5)

A

1956

strengthened Khrushchev’s hold over eastern countries in Warsaw Pact

Khrushchev became more confidence in dealing with the US because he knew they would not take military action

Allies looked bad - encouraged communist countries to rebel against USSR though they could not back up their words with military support

damaged relations - US strongly opposed the Soviet invasion of Hungary

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6
Q

Why solution to Kapp Putsch worked

A

city unable to function due to strikes - no gas,water,electricity

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7
Q

Tension with the USSR and the Allies 1938 Czechoslovakia (3)

A

Allies allowed Czechoslovakia to be given to Germany without consulting Stalin

Czechoslovakia was close to USSR borders

Stalin believed allies wanted USSR destroyed

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8
Q

Impact of Vienna Conference (2)

A

worsened relations

Kennedy increased military spending by over 2 billion USD

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9
Q

Reason for Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

A

prevent spread of nuclear weapons

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10
Q

Poland under Soviet occupation (4)

A

1944 - poles rebel against german occupation in Warsaw Uprising

Red army invades poland after uprising is crushed

intimidate voters into voting for communism

poland gets communist government

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11
Q

When did the French agree to leave the Rhineland

A

June 1930

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12
Q

Ping-Pong Diplomacy (3)

A

friendly contact between Chinese and American table tennis teams during World Table Tennis Championships

american team invited to play in China

US secretary of state met with Chinese Prime Minister later and established good relations

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13
Q

Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech

A

felt that USSR was threat to freedom + world peace

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14
Q

Strengths of article 48

A

could quickly resolve emergencies

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15
Q

Why Truman did not want South Korea to become communist

A

feared that if SK became communist there would be a domino effect and other countries near it would become communist

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16
Q

Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO) (2)

A

organisation of southeast asian countries with UK + France

intended to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia

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17
Q

Main events of Munich Putsch 8/11 November 1923 (4)

A

Hitler + SA storm beer hall

Hitler forced Kahr + Lossow to march to Berlin and install Ludendorff as Germany’s new leader

SA used violence against the Bavarian state government members

Kahr + Lossow swear loyalty to the Putsch and leave beer hall

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18
Q

David Lloyd George opinion on Germany (2)

A

wanted to avoid future war with germany

wanted to punish germany

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19
Q

National Labour Service (RAD) (2)

A

organised unemployed men to do manual work (building projects)

Hitler believed it would instill discipling + value of hard work

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20
Q

Result of terrirotial terms of treaty of versailles (3)

A

lost 13% of european terriotry

lost almost 50% of iron reserves

lost 15% of coal reserves

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21
Q

Czechoslovakian life under Communist rule (4)

A

economy for the USSR –> fewer consumer goods for the people

no freedom of speech (censoring of newspapers, TV, radio)

Czech government carried out purges against communist opponents

protests against low standard of living + lack of freedom

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22
Q

Description of german people in Weimar Constitution

A

above age 20 can vote

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23
Q

March 1933 Election (3)

A

Hitler called election for new Reichstag

Nazis were largest party but did not have majority - measures could be voted down by other parties

wanted to have 2/3 of Reichstag seats - would have total control

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24
Q

Government solution to Spartacist Uprising

A

Freikorps - former German soldiers who hated communism

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25
Q

Result of Berlin Airlift (2)

A

1949 - USSR lifts blockade

west made Stalin look foolish + aggressive

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26
Q

Strengths of democracy in Weimar Constitution

A

right to vote in elections

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27
Q

Role of Concentration camps in Nazi Terror (3)

A

anyone who opposed Nazis sent to concentration camps

prisoners treated harshly - forced to work + tortured

over 200,000 imprisoned

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28
Q

Comecon (5)

A

1949

economic organisation

aimed to support economic development in members

discouraged trade with west

did not allow members to accept Marshall Aid

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29
Q

When did the USA send Charles Dawes

A

1923

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30
Q

Social Impact of Berlin Wall in Berlin (3)

A

numerous escape attempts (over 130 people killed)

Berliners separated from their friends/families on other side

people who worked on opposite sides of Wall had to give up their jobs as they could not travel to the other side

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31
Q

Negatives of SALT 1 (2)

A

unrealistic that nuclear war would be avoided due to treaties

treaty did not cover latest technological developments

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32
Q

Allied bombing 1940-1944 (4)

A

1940 - RAF bombed German cities (military + industrial targets)

1942 - bombed civilian areas to lower German morale

1943 - 43 German cities bombed

1944 - bombed strategic targets (railway lines, bridges)

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33
Q

Operation Barbarossa (4)

A

1941

germans invaded USSR and threatened Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev by November

german advance stopped due to winter

Soviet scorched earth policy caused Germans to retreat (2 million germans died in operation)

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34
Q

Effects of SA (3)

A

conflict with communists

impressed many people

showed Hitler’s power

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35
Q

Dubcek’s beliefs (3) 1968

A

communism correct but should not make life miserable

citizens should be able to express their opinions

committed to Warsaw Pact

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36
Q

Hiter’s role/achievements for the Nazi Party in 1920-1922 (5)

A

talented speaker - attracted more members

developed friendships with powerful Germans

used party newspaper to spread views

appealed to critics of Weimar

surrounded himself with loyal individuals

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37
Q

Paris Summit (3)

A

1960

USSR walks out of talks due to U2 incident - no decisions made

Eisenhower refuses to apologise

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38
Q

Nazi policies against Jews 1935 (4)

A

banned from public places

banned from army

Reich Law for Protection of German Blood and Honour : Jews could not marry Aryans, Aryans who did not divorce would be considered Jews

Reich Law on Citizenship : Jews were not citizens (could not vote or hold German passport)

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39
Q

Why the US wanted Detente (3)

A

military might would not always allow it to do accomplish its aims

would allow US to spend less money on weapons + deal with its social issues (civil rights)

Nixon wanted to reduce tension with USSR + establish relations with China (becoming too powerful)

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40
Q

Nazi government methods for encouraging women to stay at home and have babies (5)

A

propaganda campaign to encourage women to have more children

medals awarded to women with large families

German Women’s Enterprise Organisation trained women in household skills

1933 Law for Encouragement of Marriage : provided loans to young couples for marriage only if the women gave up work

contraception + abortion banned

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41
Q

Non-territorial terms of treaty of versailles (5)

A

war guilt clause (article 231) - germany had to accept blame for starting war

had to pay reparations of 136 billion marks to allies

League of Nations formed but Germany not included

No anchluss (reunuion) with Austria allowed

baltic states given independence

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42
Q

Role of SS in Nazi Terror (3)

A

SS arrested political opponents

SS harmed anyone against Hitler

ran concentration camps in Germany

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43
Q

Bizonia (2)

A

1947

combined german zones of US + UK

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44
Q

Hitler in 1920 (4)

A

put in charge of propaganda for German Workers’ Party

Hitler + Drexler rewrote party aims as 25 Point Programme

party renamed to National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party)

helped to increase membership

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45
Q

U-2 Incident (3)

A

1960

USSR shoot down American U-2 spy plane over the USSR

USA claimed it was a weather airplane blown off course but the USSR had interrogated the pilot

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46
Q

How Hitler eliminated the local government 1933-1934 (4)

A

1933 - closed down Germany’s 18 separate state parliaments

reorganised parliaments so that Nazis held majority in each parliament

appointed Nazi state governors to make laws

1934 - abolished state parliaments altogether

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47
Q

Vienna Conference (3)

A

1961

Khrushchev renewed Berlin Ultimatum 1958

no final decision on Berlin

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48
Q

Reasons for deteriorating relations between the USSR and the USA (3)

A

different ideologies - fear that both would spread their beliefs

no longer working together against Hitler - relationship returned to before

military rivalry/power imbalance

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49
Q

Why the west decided not to provide support during the Hungarian Uprising 1956 (2)

A

military aid could start a war

would go against US policy of containment

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50
Q

Result of Kapp Putsch (2)

A

showed government had little military power - could not oppose Freikorps

also showed that majority of people preferred government over Kapp

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51
Q

NATO (3)

A

1949

created by western allies

all NATO members would come to assistance o a NATO member if it was attacked

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52
Q

Weimar and the League of Nations 1926 (2)

A

Stresemann persuaded other countries to allow Germany in the LoN

Germany placed on LoN Council - members of this council made the most important decisions

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53
Q

How did German government respond to allied bombing (2)

A

set up welfare organizations - provided food + find accommodation for people whose homes were destroyed

spread propaganda to reduce impact of bombing

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54
Q

Initial views of the German Workers’ Party (5)

A

democracy was weak

powerful leader needed to rebuild Germany’s strength

Jews caused Germany to be weak

Communists + Socialists caused the fall of the Kaiser

socialist Weimar politicians betrayed Germany by signing the Treaty of Versailles

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55
Q

Geneva Summit (3)

A

1959

both sides made proposals for how Berlin should be governed, but no agreement reached

Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to US for more talks

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56
Q

Khrushchev approach to Kennedy 1961

A

believed he had advantage over him as Kennedy was inexperienced

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57
Q

Destalinisation effect on Poland 1956

A

polish leader introduced moderate reforms

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58
Q

How Spartacist Uprising ended

A

Leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed along with other members by Freikorps

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59
Q

Ideology differences with USSR and USA : social structure (2)

A

USSR : everyone equal

USA : some people have more power than others

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60
Q

Nazi use of Terror for control (2)

A

people suspected of opposition sent to prison or concentration camps

German law became Nazi ideology - Germans could be arrested without trial

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61
Q

How Eisenhower reacted to USSR relations with Cuba (2)

A

1960 - Eisenhower reduces amount of sugar bought from Cuba, eventually bans trade with them

1961 - US breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba

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62
Q

How work for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)

A

removed from paid employment –> encouraged women into domestic roles

women encouraged to return to work later

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63
Q

Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963 (3)

A

agree not to carry out nuclear test explosions outside of country borders

concerned for contaminating environment

signed by US, UK, USSR (113 countries signed later)

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64
Q

Main purpose of Nazi economic plan (2)

A

make Germany self-sufficient

would not have to rely on other countries

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65
Q

Date when Kaiser goes to exile in Holland

A

9 November 1918

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66
Q

Impact of Korean War on USA and USSR tensions 1950-1955 (4)

A

USA defense budget tripled

USSR increased size of its armed forces

1955 - West Germany joins NATO, USSR responds with Warsaw Pact

southeast asian countries along with UK + France join together in SEATO

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67
Q

German youth movements 1926 - 1939 (5)

A

Youth groups existed in Germany before Nazis

1926 - Nazi found Hitler youth

1933 - Nazi ban all other youth groups (other than Catholic Church)

1936 - Hitler Youth Law passed : young people had to belong to Nazi youth

1939 - Hitler Youth Law becomes stricter

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68
Q

Effects of the Great Depression on the Weimar Republic (5)

A

SDP + Centre party fell out (2 main parties in coalition government)

Bruning from Centre Party becomes Chancellor

Hindenburg used Article 48 - Germany not run as democracy

Bruning introduced unpopular measures (tax increases + reduced unemployment benefits)

Germans turned to extreme parties

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69
Q

When did Stresemann become chancellor

A

1923

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70
Q

German Labour Front (DAF) (3)

A

ensured the efficient running of industry

wanted more work with less pay

ran 2 programmes : “Strength Through Joy” + “Beauty of Labour”

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71
Q

Tensions between the USSR and the Allie during WW2 (3)

A

Allies feared Stalin wanted to install communism in East European countries germany conquered

Stalin feared that allies wanted the USSR and Germany to destroy each other

Americans dropped atomic bombs on Japan to intimidate Stalin

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72
Q

Role of poster propaganda for Nazis (2)

A

advertised Nazi view

portrayal of powerful Hitler

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73
Q

Impact of Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine on international relations (4)

A

Stalin believed USA was trying to destroy USSR

USA was in direct opposition to USSR

Europe divided into 2 political groups

start of cold war

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74
Q

Yugoslavia + Albania under Soviet occupation (2)

A

not occupied by Soviet Red Army

more independence than other countries

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75
Q

Reasons for the creation of NATO 1949 (2)

A

western powers believed they needed a military alliance to protect themselves from the USSR

wanted to show Stalin that they were against communism

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76
Q

Effects of Dawes Plan (3)

A

Germany received more than 25 billion marks over 6 years

doubled industrial output between 1923-1929

living standards rose

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77
Q

Edelweiss Pirate activities as war progressed (5)

A

escaped prisoners from concentration camps

gave shelter to army deserters

stole food + supplies from stores and trains

derailed trains with ammunition

supplied resistance groups with explosives

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78
Q

Impact of the Arms Race

A

deterrent for war - unwilling to go to war due to destructive power

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79
Q

Impact of Bay of Pigs Invasion (3)

A

looked as if the US was trying to influence an independent country

USSR pointed out that people were happy under Castro - showed popularity for communism

improved relations - Khrushchev would provide arms to Cuba

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80
Q

Why was the government not able to stop the Kapp Putsch

A

Army did not stop Freikorps - felt sympathy for them

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81
Q

Ruhr Crisis casualties

A

over 100 German civilians killed

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82
Q

Effects of the Kellogg Briand Pact (4)

A

showed that Germany was more inclusive in negotiations

showed that Weimar republic was respected state

German public had more confidence

some germans did not like as it did not end the Treaty of Versailles

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83
Q

When was the new currency (the Rentenmark) introduced

A

November 1923

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84
Q

The Swing Youth (3)

A

middle-class germans who wanted to listen to American and British “swing music” + jazz

started in major German towns

leading members of movement arrested + placed in concentration camps

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85
Q

How appearance for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)

A

expected to wear traditional dress

discouraged make-up

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86
Q

Hitler in 1919

A

worked for army to monitor extremist political groups

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87
Q

Why the USSR wanted Detente (3)

A

hoped that US might allow Soviet control over Eastern Europe

Vietnam War - US might welcome more co-operation + less tension

economic problems - weapon spending, falling behind in technology

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88
Q

International reactions to Soviet invasion of Hungary

A

no military support offered

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89
Q

Reasons for Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 (3)

A

Dubcek reforms offered dangerous freedom

Warsaw Pact members may want same rights - USSR would seem unable to control them

Brezhnev knew West would not help Czechoslovakia

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90
Q

Weaknesses of Proportional Representation (4)

A

weak government

parties had to form coalitions to gain majority

slow decision-making - parties rarely agreed

allowed radical parties

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91
Q

Berlin Ultimatum (4)

A

1958

Berlin should be demilitarized + western troops withdrawn

Berlin should become free city (city with its own government)

West given 6 months before Khrushchev would hand over control of transport to the East German goverment

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92
Q

Role of News Propaganda for Nazis (2)

A

newspapers presented positive Nazis messages/stories

Ministry of Propaganda ordered newspapers what to publish

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93
Q

Reasons for the Soviet invasion of Hungary

A

if Hungary broke away from the Warsaw Pact other Eastern European countries might follow

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94
Q

French response to passive resistance in Ruhr crisis

A

brought own workers

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95
Q

Negative Impact of Berlin Wall on USA (2)

A

USSR closed border without consulting USA

people who wanted to escape communism could no longer do so

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96
Q

Tension with the USSR and the Allies before WW2 (3)

A

Allies angry that Russia (Bolsheviks) had left WW1

Allies disapproved of Bolshevik ideals

Allies supported Bolshevik opponents but failed - Bolsheviks knew West wanted them gone

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97
Q

How Hitler managed to pass the Enabling Act 1933 (4)

A

used emergency powers to ban Communist Party from Reichstag

won support from Nationalists as their beliefs were similar

won support from Centre Party by promising to protect the Catholic Church

SA + SS intimidated Reichstag members

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98
Q

What Spartacists did during the uprising (3)

A

occupied government newspaper headquarters

occupied telephone offices

attempted to bring general strike

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99
Q

Cuban Revolution (2)

A

1959

revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro overthrow leader of pro-American government of Cuba

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100
Q

Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 (4)

A

Khrushchev wanted NATO missiles in turkey removed

Khrushchev wanted America to feel under threat

Khrushchev wanted to restore reputation from Berlin Wall failure

Khrushchev may have feared another attack on Cuba

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101
Q

The Warsaw Pact (3)

A

1955

communist defensive military alliance of soviet puppets

led by USSR

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102
Q

Role of SA in gaining supporters 1930-1932 (3)

A

1930 - 400,000 members helped Nazis appear strong

disrupted meetings of political opponents

used intimidation to influence voters

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103
Q

Strength Through Joy (KDF)

A

attempted to incentivize workers with rewards (holidays) to boost productivity

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104
Q

Role of radio propaganda for Nazis (3)

A

radios broadcasted Hitler speech

radios broadcast plays + entertainment with Nazi messages

1939 - 70% of German households had a radio

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105
Q

Outer Space Treaty 1967 (4)

A

exploration of outer space carried out for benefit of all countries

countries should not place weapons of mass destruction in space

moon + other celestial bodies used for peaceful purposes

countries responsible for damage caused by space objects

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106
Q

Description of the Locarno Pact (3)

A

germany admit that Alsace and Lorraine belong to France

setttled western + eastern borders peacefully

countries in pact agreed to avoid military contact other than for defense

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107
Q

How the Nazis kept the killing of Jews secret (2)

A

propaganda films showed the camps to be just labour camps + showed good living conditions

Nazis dug up railway lines + destroyed records when they were losing

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108
Q

Strength of president in Weimar Constitution

A

could protect country in times of crisis

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109
Q

Description of state governments in Weimar Constitution (3)

A

own government within country regions

limited in power

can be overruled by national government

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110
Q

Key messages of Nazi Propaganda (4)

A

Aryan race = superior, other races + Jews = inferior

Nazis working hard to deal with evils of communism

men and women had different roles + importance of family

citizens had to suffer for the good of the nation

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111
Q

Impact of Berlin Ultimatum (2)

A

West angered - believed the USSR wanted to extend communism

USSR felt it was essential to stop the Berlin Refugee Problem + stop western-controlled areas in East Germany

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112
Q

Reasons why the US + USSR wanted peaceful co-existence (3)

A

both were spending large sums on military - not good for economies

end of Korean war where the US and the USSR supported different sides

clear borders defined

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113
Q

Nazi Death Squads (Einsatzgruppen) 1941 (2)

A

followed german army into USSR

rounded up jews and shot or gassed them

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114
Q

Positive effects of hyperinflation (3)

A

loans payed off quickly - value of loans fell

farmers could sell goods at higher price

landowners could sell land at higher prices

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115
Q

When was the Locarno Pact

A

1925

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116
Q

Government solution to Ruhr Crisis (2)

A

passive resistance

workers go on strike, stopped producing goods

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117
Q

Hitler belief on the youth (2)

A

easy to influence and control

ensure that next generation would be Nazis

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118
Q

Problems with Nazi policies towards women

A

need for more workers –> rearmament policy increased + more men joined army

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119
Q

Tehran Conference (6)

A

1943

USA + Britain would open Western front against Germany to ease pressure on Eastern front

Stalin would declare war against Japan once Europe war was over

no formal agreement on Germany - complete surrender of Germany + germany would remain weak, some land given to Poland

USSR could keep its land it seized from Poland

agreement that international body to be set up to settle disputes through negotiation

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120
Q

Strengths of states’ rights

A

democracy - more freedom for german people

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121
Q

Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 (2)

A

Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia to little opposition (Brezhnev ordered Czech army to stay in barracks)

Dubcek arrested and ordered to change reforms then sent back to Prague (later removed from office)

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122
Q

Impact of SALT 1

A

showed that USSR + USA willing to reach agreement + establish better relations

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123
Q

Reasons for Marshall Plan 1947 (2)

A

stop communism from taking over Western Europe

establish relations with West Europe

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124
Q

Reasons for Kristallnacht - Night of Broken Glass 9-10 November 1938 (2)

A

German official in Paris Embassy murdered by a jewish man

gave Nazis excuse to harm jews

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125
Q

Soviet Reaction to Prague spring (3)

A

Brezhnev asked Dubcek not to endanger communism in Czechoslovakia with reforms

ordered Warsaw Pact troops to carry out manoeuvres in Czechoslovakia to threaten Dubcek

decided to act when Dubcek invited yugoslavia + romania to Prague for talks

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126
Q

When was the Dawes Plan

A

1924

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127
Q

The Truman Doctrine (3)

A

1947

communism should be contained

prepared to send support (not military) to any country threatened by Communist takeover

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128
Q

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A

peace being maintained due to fear of destruction of war

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129
Q

Negative effects of hyperinflation (3)

A

millions in poverty

savings wiped out

wages rose according to inflation rate but were slower

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130
Q

Reasons for the formation of Comecon + Cominform (2)

A

did not want USA to become powerful in Eastern Europe

did not want communist states to become capitalist

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131
Q

Kennedy’s approach to USSR (2) 1961

A

build up US military

resolve difficulties with USSR through talks

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132
Q

1932 Elections for Hitler (3)

A

biggest party in Reichstag (230 seats)

loses to Hindenburg

still becomes major political figure

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133
Q

Marshall Plan (2)

A

1947

provided economic aid to Western European countries ($13 billion)

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134
Q

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 1950 (2)

A

USSR provide 300 million USD

USSR military assistance provided to China if attacked

135
Q

Reasons for the Berlin Wall 1961

A

more East Germans moved to west, in case Khrushchev would close border (40,000 East Germans moved in one day)

136
Q

Stresseman’s beliefs (3)

A

improved relations with Allies vital for German survival

believed he could negotiate better terms

german economy improved = pay reparations = allow Allies to pay loans

137
Q

Impact of Tehran Conference (3)

A

Stalin pleased - agreement to open western front

Churchill less pleased - wanted a front on the Balkans

slight tension with USA + UK - Roosevelt viewed British colonialism as more of a threat

138
Q

How Hitler increased supporters for March 1933 Election (6)

A

Goering replaced police officers with Nazis

Communist party members arrested

lots of propaganda - newspapers which di not support Nazis closed

threatened voters to vote for Nazis

SA intimidated opponents + broke up meetings by opposition parties

secured funds from industrialists

139
Q

Communism after the Great Depression (2)

A

more popular

told German people to stand up to businesses + create fairer society

140
Q

Tensions with the USSR and the Allies Nazi-Soviet Pact (3) 1939

A

Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact and split Poland

allies felt betrayed

Stalin believed allies had no interest in helping the USSR due to the delay of the second front

141
Q

Ideology differences with USSR and USA : politics (2)

A

USSR : single-party rule

USA : elections with choice of parties

142
Q

Nazi unemployment measures (5)

A

doubled spending on public infrastructure (e.g autobahns/motorways) to create jobs for construction

rearmament - created jobs in factories + related industries (coal mining, steel production)

increased German army created jobs

paid private companies to create jobs (e.g car industry)

1939 - unemployment reduced to half a million

143
Q

How Hitler eliminated other political parties 1933 (3)

A

May 1933 - Social Democrats (SDP) dissolved + Nazis occupied their offices and took their funds

End of May 1933 - did same to Communist Party

July 1933 - Hitler created new law which bans all political parties other than the Nazis

144
Q

Why USSR enraged at the creation of the Deutschmark (3)

A

1948

new Trizonia currency created separate economic unit from East

accepted that there were 2 Germanys

145
Q

Why West decided to do the Berlin Airlift (2)

A

forcing supplies by land may lead to war

if stalin decided to shoot airplanes, he would be the aggressor

146
Q

Creation of West Germany (4)

A

1949

allies combine their zones together as Federal Republic of Germany

Germans given democracy

West controlled Berlin continues as West Berlin

147
Q

Baltic States under Soviet occupations (2)

A

conquered by USSR in 1940

treated as part of USSR

148
Q

Problems with the Nazi’s Economic plans (3)

A

government spending > government income (debt > 40 billion marks by 1939)

germany still imported more than it exported

average consumption of food dropped between 1937 - 1939

149
Q

How politics for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)

A

no role in politics

women should focus on home + family

150
Q

Hitler youth for girls

A

taught crafts + childcare to prepare for motherhood

151
Q

Strengths of chancellor in weimar constitution

A

distributes power of president

152
Q

Hyperinflation statistics (2)

A

1923 : 300 paper mills, 200 printing shops

November 1923 : 4.2 billion marks = 1 dollar, 201 billion marks to buy loaf of bread

153
Q

Reasons for the Night of the Long Knives June 1934 (6)

A

SA becoming powerful - over 2 million members in 1934, Rohm was potential rival to Hitler

Heinrich Himmler (SS head) resented the SA

SA members = crude –> harmed Hitler’s reputation –> lost support of conservative Germans

Rohm had different views to Hitler (more socialist)

SA affected Nazi relationship with army - Hitler wanted to rearm Germany

Rohm was homosexual –> bad influence

154
Q

Effects of Ruhr Crisis (2)

A

temporary popularity for government - resisted allies, united germany against allies

German government forced to print money to pay striking workers

155
Q

Role of SA (2)

A

disrupt meetings of opposing parties

control crowds at Nazi meetings

156
Q

Cominform (4)

A

1947

political organisation of communist countries in europe

allowed Stalin to control his puppet countries - ended opposition to Moscow + ensured loyalty of East European governments

spread propaganda against USA

157
Q

Nazi “New Plan” Economic Policy 1934 (4)

A

reduced imports + unemployment

trade agreements with countries to guarantee German supply of raw materials

started projects to create work (road building)

successful

158
Q

How did the west look at Germany (2)

A

wanted to build up German economy

hoped that germany could be a trading partner + resist communism

159
Q

How Kapp Putsch ended (2)

A

Kapp realized he didn’t have enough support and fled to Sweden

Freikorps disbanded

160
Q

German evacuation during the war (2) 1942

A

evacuated children into rural areas due to allied bombing

placed into camps managed by Hitler Youth teachers

161
Q

Total war meaning

A

all country’s resources used to win a war

162
Q

Define the SA (4)

A

paramilitary force

wore brown shirts

provided with uniforms, meals, accommodation

many members were unruly + difficult to control

163
Q

Effect of Germany joining the League of Nations (3)

A

increased confidence in Weimar Government

positive for moderate political parties that supported diplomacy

anger - some Germans saw the League of Nations as a symbol of the Treaty of Versailles

164
Q

Industrial/Business support for Hitler 1930-1932 (2)

A

willing to support Hitler - wanted to stop rise of communism

provided financial aid

165
Q

What was the value of the Rentenmark based on (2)

A

industrial worth

agricultural worth

166
Q

Hitler youth (5)

A

learned about Hitler + how he saved Germany

performed military drills

taught about importance of competition + racial purity

activities made fun to attract membership

encouraged members to report anyone believed disloyal to Nazis

167
Q

What happened during the Kapp Putsch (3)

A

Freikorps revolted

marched into Berlin

declared Wolfgang Kapp as leader

168
Q

Differences with the Potsdam Conference and the others (4)

A

Roosevelt replaced by Truman

Churchill replaced by Attlee

US developed atomic bomb

UN created

169
Q

Opposition to Young Plan (2)

A

nationalists opposed to paying reparations and working with Allies

British public hated Germans

170
Q

Effects of war on German people (3)

A

food shortages - allies imposed naval blockade, low domestic production

protests in Germany

anger towards Kaiser

171
Q

Peaceful co-existence

A

living side-by-side in peace

172
Q

Date when armistice signed

A

11 November 1918

173
Q

Weaknesses of democracy in Weimar Constitution

A

people able to vote for parties against democracy + radical parties

174
Q

Fall of Bruning 1932 (3)

A

army general Kurt von Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to sack Bruning as chancellor

replaced Bruning with coalition of industrialists, army officers, landowners

put Franz von Papen as head of coalition

175
Q

Creation of East Germany (3)

A

1949

Stalin created the German Democratic Republic

only communist bloc countries recognised it as a nation

176
Q

The Berlin Airlift 1948

A

West flew supplies into Berlin (1000 tonnes per day) to overcome the Berlin Blockade

177
Q

“Stab in the Back” theory (3)

A

german army members claimed germany was close to victory and surrender was unnecessary

many germans chose to believe - did not want to admit germany had lost the war

politicians that signed armistice seen as traitors

178
Q

German public opinions on Hitler 1933 (3)

A

some were pleased that Weimar limited Hitler’s power

some hoped Hitler would destroy Weimar

some politicians hoped they could use Hitler to destroy Weimar then replace him with a leader they wanted

179
Q

Weaknesses of chancellor in Weimar Constitution

A

chancellor and president could both work together gaining more power

180
Q

The Berlin Wall (3)

A

1961

Khrushchev orders East German leader to close border between East and West Berlin

barbed fence would eventually turn into concrete wall

181
Q

Limits to Hitler’s power as chancellor (1933) (4)

A

limited power to make laws

Hindenburg kept all presidential power

only 1/3 of Reichstag were Nazis

only 2/12 of Hitler’s cabinet were Nazis

182
Q

Hitler becoming Fuhrer (5)

A

1934

Hindenburg dies

Hitler combined chancellor + president and declared himself Fuhrer

army oath made to Hitler directly rather than Germany

held vote to get public to agree to him becoming Fuhrer (won 90%)

183
Q

Ideology differences with USSR and USA : Economy (2)

A

USSR : state-owned firms

USA : private ownership

184
Q

Effect of Great Depression on young people

A

unemployed

185
Q

The White Rose Group (4)

A

criticized treatment of Jews

campaigned against the war

painted anti-nazi messages on buildings

leaders caught + executed

186
Q

The Prague Spring reforms (5)

A

1968

censorship relaxed - criticism of government allowed

more power given to Czech regional governments

increased trade with West

multi-party election discussed but not implemented until later

187
Q

USA involvement in Greece + Turkey

A

provided $400 million + military support to capitalist side

188
Q

Reality of Nazi Economic Growth (4)

A

women + Jews not included in Nazi unemployment

temporary employment (farmers) counted as full employment

National Labour Service (RAD) - unemployed men who joined RAD no longer counted as unemployed + their work created impression that Germany was strong

do not tell how life was like for working Germans

189
Q

Weimar Constitution Key Parts (6)

A
  1. President
  2. Chancellor
  3. Reichstag
  4. German people
  5. State Government
  6. Article 48
190
Q

Description of the Spartacist League

A

Germany’s communist party

191
Q

Consequences of the Enabling Act 1933 (4)

A

end of weimar constitution/democracy

Hitler could pass any law he wanted without Reichstag approval

Reichstag met only 12 times under Hitler

used act to remove opposition

192
Q

Define the Ruhr Crisis January 1923 (2)

A

French and Belgian troops march into Ruhr

decide to take industrial products as payment instead of reparations

193
Q

Purpose of Outer Space Treaty (2)

A

stopped arms race spreading into space

showed that no one could own the moon

194
Q

Military terms of treaty of versailles (4)

A

no tanks

100,000 men

no submarines

no air force

195
Q

Why Germans expected Allies to not be harsh on the treaty of versailles (4)

A

germans believed they had been forced into war and were not to blame

believed allies would give new German government stability

Kaiser fled = allies will not blame new government

believed treaty of versailles would be based on wilson 14 points

196
Q

Define the Reichsmark (2)

A

replaced Rentenmark as permanent currency

restored faith in German economy

197
Q

Czechoslovakia under Soviet occupation (2)

A

coalition within country tried to restore democracy

1948 - communist group overthrew president and set up a government

198
Q

Hitler views on Catholic Church

A

wanted to weaken power of Catholic Church

199
Q

Government solution to Kapp Putsch (2)

A

moved government out of Berlin

encouraged people to strike

200
Q

Nazis Economic plans/policy (2)

A

New Plan

Four Year Plan

201
Q

Causes of Munich Putsch/Beer Putsch November 1923 (5)

A

anger towards Weimar republic –> Nazi party gained lots of support

Leaders of the Bavarian state government against Weimar –> Hitler knew he would have support

Hyperinflation + Ruhr crisis –> Hitler saw an opportunity

Hitler used similar approach to Mussolini to take control

Hitler believed Nazis were ready to seize power –> believed Ludendorff could persuade the army to support the Nazis

202
Q

German rationing during the war 1939 (4)

A

shortages of goods (food, toilet paper, tobacco)

food stamps issued to civilians

beginning of the war - goods shipped from occupied countries to solve shortages, eventually rationed later

food shortages + starvation towards the end of the war

203
Q

Description of young plan (3)

A

total reparations reduced to $8 billion

germany required to pay 1/3 of annual sum

did not exist due to 1929 wall street crash - USA wanted loans back

204
Q

Why the Young Plan failed (2)

A

1929 Wall Street Crash –> USA recalls German loans

German Financial Crisis - government did not have money to pay back loans, unemployment + business shutting down

205
Q

Why many East Germans chose to leave to West Germany (3)

A

West Germany had higher standard of living

West germany had more freedom (speech, actions)

USSR would send army to restore order to any riots

206
Q

Effects of Great Depression on Farmers

A

falling prices for goods

207
Q

Main events of 9/11 November Munich Putsch 1923 (5)

A

Ebert declares state of emergency + tells Lossow to stop uprising

Kahr + Lossow announce opposition to putsch

Ludendorff believed soldiers would be supportive + persuaded Hitler not to give up

2000 Nazis march into Munich aiming to take control

police + soldiers confront Nazis –> fire exchanged (14 Nazis killed)

208
Q

German economic problems that lead to Ruhr crisis (4)

A

1918 - germany close to bankruptcy

allies did not reduce reparations as they needed to pay america for loans during war

german income generating areas taken (Silesia and Saar)

late 1922 - missed 2 payments

209
Q

Beauty of Labour (SDA)

A

improve working conditions (leisuire, food)

210
Q

Hitler becoming chancellor (1932-1933) (4)

A

Hindenburg refused businessmen’s requests to make Hitler chancellor - chose von Schleicher instead

von Schleicher asked Hindenburg to suspend constitution + make him head of military dictatorship - claimed that Hitler + von Papen were trying to lead conspiracy against him

von Schleicher request was leaked and lost Reichstag support

von Papen persuades Hindenburg to make Hitler chancellor

211
Q

Positive Impact of Berlin Wall on USA (2)

A

wall showed that Khrushchev was forced to accept Western control in West Berlin

west Berlin became symbol of freedom against communism

212
Q

Hitler measures against the Catholic Church 1933-1937 (5)

A

catholic newspapers censored

Catholic church schools closed + turned into community schools

Gestapo + SS spied on Church organisations

Catholic priests against Nazis arrested

Catholic League (youth group) membership made illegal

213
Q

Effects of Great Depression on Factory workers (2)

A

unemployed + reduced unemployment benefits

high foot prices = could not afford to eat

214
Q

Origins of SA in 1921 (3)

A

set up by Hitler

Ernst Rohm became leader

Hitler demanded their complete obedience to him

215
Q

Groups the Nazi Party appealed to in 1921 (4)

A

vague to appeal to different groups

nationalists - wanted to destroy treat of versailles

people who wanted to blame someone for German defeat - attracted by the party’s anti-seminitism

middle-class + businesses liked Hitler’s anti-communist ideas

216
Q

Impact of Cuban Missile Crisis (2)

A

1963 - direct communications line set between Washington + Moscow (hotline)

1969 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed

217
Q

Berlin Blockade (4)

A

1948

Stalin shut off land routes into Berlin

Trizonia unable to communicate with Berlin

people of Berlin would have shortages of food

218
Q

Description of article 48 in Weimar Constitution

A

president has power to pass law without Reichstag approval in emergency

219
Q

Lebensraum meaning

A

land which Nazis believed was needed as space for the Aryans

220
Q

The Thirteen Days 1962 24-28 October (4)

A

Khrushchev sends Kennedy telegram offering to remove Cuban missiles if Americans agree to not invade

sends another telegram saying missiles would only be removed if missiles in Turkey also removed

U-2 spy plane over Cuba shot

Kennedy agrees to first telegram - end of crisis

221
Q

Nazi policies against jews 1933 (2)

A

boycott of jewish businesses

jews banned from government employment, medicine, teaching, journalism

222
Q

When was the Reichsbank created

A

1924

223
Q

Ghettoisation Nazi Policy (2)

A

Jews forced to move to ghettos in poland

relocated in 1942 to camps for “final solution”

224
Q

Weaknesses of states’ rights

A

states could oppose government

225
Q

Measures for Germany’s “Total War” (3)

A

proffesional sports teams + places of entertainment shut down

postal services reduced to save fuel

Volkssturm (Home Guard) - help protect Germany from invasion

226
Q

Berlin Refugee Problem 1958 (3)

A

East Germans moved to West Germany (3 million moved by 1958)

“brain drain” - skilled workers left, ruining East German economy

propaganda defeat for communism - showed people preferred West

227
Q

American relationship with Cuba before Revolution (2)

A

lots of land/infrastructure in Cuba owned by Americans

US was customer for Cuba’s export of sugar

228
Q

How did the USSR look at Germany

A

wanted to take as much material from Germany to rebuild the USSR

229
Q

The July Bomb Plot 1944 (4)

A

von Stauffenberg took a bomb in a briefcase into a meeting with Hitler

then left the meeting

one of army leaders moved briefcase so Hitler survived though 4 people died

leaders executed

230
Q

Key points of the Dawes Plan (5)

A

USA loaned Germany 800 million gold marks

Reparations lowered to 1 billion marks for first 5 years, after increased to 2.5 billion marks

French agreed to withdraw troops from Ruhr

Allies given some control over Reichsbank and railways

Allies would discuss missed payments peacefully

231
Q

Effects of Great Depression on Businessmen

A

businesses struggled - people spent less

232
Q

Problems with Nazi “Four Year Plan” Economic Policy (3)

A

1936-1939

food shortages + rationing

1939 - Germany imported 1/3 of raw materials

233
Q

Trizonia (2)

A

1948

combined german zones of France + USA + UK

234
Q

Role of parades/rallies propaganda for Nazis (2)

A

attempted to show power/glory of Germany under Nazis

holidays/parades for Nazis

235
Q

Strengths of Proportional Representation

A

Democracy - everyone had a say

236
Q

Role of Hitler’s appeal for gaining supporters during 1930-1932 (3)

A

presented Hitler as strong leader

made powerful speeches at rallies

posters exaggerated Hitler

237
Q

Nazi policies against jews 1938 (3)

A

jews made to carry identity cards

jewish professionals not allowed to take on work for non-jews

jewish possessions had to be registered with government - Nazis could take what they wanted from Jews

238
Q

The Grand Alliance (2)

A

alliance between USA, USSR, UK against Hitler

dissolved in 1945 as no need to fight Germany

239
Q

Result of embassy opinions for USSR

A

enforce control on countries on border

240
Q

Result of embassy opinions for USA 1946

A

policy of containment

241
Q

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (2)

A

nuclear weapon states work towards disarmament + not help other nations develop nuclear weapons

non-nuclear weapon states would not develop nuclear weapons

242
Q

Role of Nazi Propaganda in gaining supporters 1930-1932 (5)

A

posters targeted different groups + concise

rallies - demonstrated power + discipline of Nazis

focused on popular messages - changed message if it lost support

owned 8 different newspapers

parades/marches - consisted of political speeches + entertainment

243
Q

Impact of allied bombing (4)

A

negative impact on German morale

metal production decreased by around 40%

prevented transport of war goods (tanks)

people forced to carry on with their normal lives

244
Q

Impact of Yalta Conference (2)

A

Roosevelt & Stalin pleased over agreement of free elections + United Nations

tension over poland - USSR wanted poland to have a communist government while British wanted a non-communist one

245
Q

Germany measures to increase labour during WW2 (4)

A

recruited workers from occupied countries

1943 - Hitler reintroduced women into workforce

1943 - small business not related to war effort closed down + employees into army or war work

1944 - ban on holidays + increased working hours

246
Q

Events during Kristallnacht (3)

A

over 800 Jewish shops destroyed

Jewish property damaged or stolen

91 Jews killed + 30,000 arrested

247
Q

Chancellor of Weimar Constitution (2)

A

appointed by president

must hold support from Reichstag majority

248
Q

President of Weimar Constitution (2)

A

head of state

elections take place every 7 years

249
Q

Negative Impact of Berlin Wall on USSR (2)

A

Khrushchev would not be able to unite Germany under communism

Wall showed that USSR had to lock their people in to stop them from leaving - people preferred capitalism over communism

250
Q

Reichstag of Weimar Constitution (2)

A

Weimar parliament

used proportional representation

251
Q

Role of Gestapo in Nazi Terror (4)

A

appointed local wardens to watch neighbors and report opposition to government

power to search anyone’s home

arrested anyone against government

encouraged people to inform them of opposition

252
Q

Effects of Munich Putsch trial (3)

A

Hitler gave speech attacking government during trial –> popularity grew

lenient judges showed that some germans wanted Weimar gone

published Mein Kampf in jail –> contained Hitler’s beliefs and was popular

253
Q

Religion in Nazi Germany by the end of 1930s

A

insignificant role in society

254
Q

Reasons why the Bay of Pigs invasion failed (4)

A

exiles had little military experience

US could not support attack - wanted to present as a Cuban effort

Castro’s government found out about invasion

US thought that Cubans would support them but they didn’t

255
Q

Truman opinions on Stalin (3)

A

more suspicious of him - tougher during discussions

believed Stalin wanted to spread communism + bring down capitalism

delayed conference until atom bomb was ready to give him an edge in discussions

256
Q

Eisenhower’s opinions on USSR (2)

A

intent on defeating communism

aware of dangers of nukes - prepared to negotiate to improve relations

257
Q

Impact of Prague Springs on communist countries in Europe (3)

A

Yugoslavia + Romania condemn invasion - worsen relations between USSR

East Germany + Poland happy - feel more secure that they wont be challenged by reformers in their own country

greater Soviet control of Warsaw Pact members

258
Q

Consequences of Reichstag Fire (3)

A

Hermann Goering (Nazi chief of police) suggested Nazis should destroy communist opposition - arrested 4000 communist leaders

Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass emergency decree

Decree for Protection of People and State - gave police power to search homes + imprison without trial

259
Q

Detente

A

period of peace between 2 groups previously hostile to each other

260
Q

Reasons for the Berlin Blockade 1948 (4)

A

wanted to show west that divide Germany would not work

hoped that West would give up control of their zones in Berlin

propaganda success if blockade worked

Stalin knew Truman would not ignore

261
Q

Territorial terms of treaty of versailles (3)

A

alsace and lorraine given to France

Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium

Northern Schleswig given to Denmark

262
Q

Explain the Reichstag Fire 1933 (3)

A

Reichstag building set on fire

Marinus van der Lubbe (Dutch communist) found guilty and executed

possibility that Nazis were responsible

263
Q

Summit Meetings 1959-1961 to solve the Berlin problem (3)

A

Geneva 1959

Camp David 1959

Paris Summit Conference 1960

264
Q

Weaknesses of president in Weimar Constitution

A

president has power to do what they want

265
Q

Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928

A

countries promised not to use military to settle disagreements

266
Q

Opposition of Weimar government (3)

A

country senior figure (judges/army leaders) against democracy

some Germans wanted Kaiser back

some people wanted communist revolution

267
Q

German public reaction to treaty of versailles (3)

A

resented article 231 - felt that they were not to blame for starting the war

called politicians who signed treaty November Criminals

assassinated some politicians who signed the treaty

268
Q

The Thirteen Days 1962 16-24 October (5)

A

Kennedy called together Executive Committee

decided to set naval blockade around Cuba

Kennedy informs US public about Cuba

Khrushchev orders Soviet ships to turn around

missiles still in Cuba

269
Q

Aryans meaning

A

people Hitler believed were the master race

270
Q

Founder of the German Workers’ Party

A

Anton Drexler

271
Q

Decline of Nazis 1929 (2)

A

little success in gaining seats in Reichstag

German people happier for government due to recent economic development

272
Q

Ghettos (3)

A

walled-off areas were Jews were crammed into living spaces

diseases + starvation common

poor living standards

273
Q

Potsdam Conference Agreements (3)

A

1945

Germany + Berlin dividide into 4 zones

each country would take reparations from own zone

274
Q

China relations with the US 1949 - 1969 (3)

A

US fought against Chinese troops in Korean War

US prepared to defend Taiwan when China threatened it in 1954 and 1958

mid 1960s - Mao’s followers criticised americans

275
Q

Why allies created Deutschmark in 1948

A

give trizonia economic unity

276
Q

How family/children for women changed in Nazi Germany

A

expected to have large families

277
Q

Nazi policies against inferior considered groups (4)

A

Sterilisation Law 1933 - allowed Nazis to sterilise people (mentally disabled, beggars)

Concentration camps for jews, homosexuals, tramps

intermarriage with Aryan and black people + gypsies banned

mentally disabled killed starting 1939 (policy removed 1941 after public outcry)

278
Q

Yalta Conference (6)

A

1945

Germany - split into 4 (US, UK, france, USSR), 20 billion USD in reparations, Nazi party banned

UN set up

Stalin would join war against Japan

governments of Eastern Europe countries decided in elections

Polish borders return to 1921

279
Q

Government reaction to treaty of versailles (3)

A

shocked by harshness - had not been allowed in discussion conferences

refused to sign initially but were forced to sign due to threat of war

called treaty diktat - forced to accept humiliating terms

280
Q

The Final Solution (6)

A

1941

concentration camps built in east poland for labour

some converted to extermination camps

Jews divided into 2 groups : fit to work + unfit

those fit to work would work until they were too weak

unfit to work would be killed with poison gas (bodies would be burned)

281
Q

The Edelweiss Pirates (3)

A

hated Hitler Youth and fought with members

objected to military service

criticized Nazi culture

282
Q

Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 (3)

A

actions of individual communist countries affected all communist countries

duty of countries to stop actions of other country if it threatened them

communist countries prevented from introducing liberal reforms

283
Q

Why the US was concerned with USSR relations with Cuba 1960

A

feared that communist government was being established near the US

284
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis (3)

A

1962

American spy plane takes picture of missile launch sites in Cuba

Kennedy told that Soviet ships were on their way to Cuba with more equipment

285
Q

China relations with US 1969-1972 (3)

A

willing to improve relations due to suspicions of USSR

ping-pong diplomacy

1972 - Nixon and Mao sign Shanghai Communique and agree that there is only one China (Taiwan is part of China)

286
Q

Camp David (4)

A

1959

established better relations

no agreement on Berlin but Soviets agree to withdraw the Berlin Ultimatum

agreed that more talks held in Paris

287
Q

How did Stalin react to Trizonia (3)

A

felt that the west was “ganging up” on him

felt that West was developing their zones + forcing Soviet zone into poverty

believed Germany should be united under communism

288
Q

Role of art/music propaganda for Nazis (3)

A

promote Nazi values

art showed German figures + promoted Aryan race

classical music

289
Q

Khrushchev’s opinions on USA (2)

A

criticised Stalin’s policies

suggested peaceful co-existence with West

290
Q

Reich Church 1933

A

organised all parts of Protestant Church into one organisation (Reich Church)

291
Q

Role of News Censorship for Nazis (3)

A

newspapers opposing Nazis shut down

radios could not pick up foreign broadcasts

editors, owners, journalists had to be Reich Press Chamber members

292
Q

Hungary under Soviet occupation (3)

A

1945 - elections but no communist government

1947 - voters threatened to elect communist government

1949 - Hungary becomes communist state

293
Q

Reasons for tension between Cuba and USA 1959-1960 (3)

A

USA refused to provide economic aid to cuba unless they followed the IMF guidelines

1959 - Cuban government takes over all land in Cuba owned by foreigners

1960 - USSR would buy sugar from Cuba + provide arms

294
Q

Reasons for Bay of Pigs Invasion (2)

A

Kennedy did not want an ally of communism so close to American territory

using Cuban exiles would seem like the US was not involved

295
Q

Role of 1936 Olympics propaganda for Nazis

A

opportunity to show the world supremacy of Aryans

296
Q

Reasons for The July Bomb Plot (3)

A

1944

some army leaders opposed Hitler’s brutal methods + antisemitism

leaders decided to act once Germany began to lose the war

297
Q

Weaknesses of article 48

A

president could abuse power

298
Q

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty 1972 (SALT 1) (3)

A

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - ABMs only allowed at 2 sites in each country + maximum of 100 missiles

Interim Treaty - restriction on inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)

Basic Principles Agreement - rules for nuclear warfare + banned placing warheads on the seabed + set about steps to avoid nuclear war

299
Q

Impact of Prague Spring on Czechoslovakia (2)

A

invasion ends

country under firm communist rule

300
Q

Impact of Marshall plan on Western Europe

A

rebuilt economy

301
Q

Define proportional representation

A

political parties allocated seats based on number of votes they get

302
Q

Munich Putsch Trial (3)

A

Hitler sentenced to 5 years but served 9 months

Nazi Party banned

speeches impressed Judges

303
Q

How Hitler eliminated trade unions 1933 (2)

A

May 1933 - Nazis broke into trade union offices + arrested their leaders

created German Worker’s Front + forced workers to join

304
Q

Impact of Prague Springs on US + USSR relations (2)

A

west angered by invasion

US criticised USSR but would not take direct action

305
Q

Invasion of Hungary (4)

A

1956

USSR invades Hungary

Nagy supporters fight + ask West for support (none come)

new pro-communist government set up under Kadar –> Nagy executed

306
Q

Destalinisation effect on Hungary (6)

A

1956

people of Hungary protested about lack of political freedom + shortages of essential goods

Khrushchev sent Red Army to restore order

placed Nagy into leadership and withdrew red army

Nagy believed they should have more political freedom

Nagy announces reforms - Hungary leaving Warsaw pact, Hungary becoming neutral, power sharing with non-communist groups

307
Q

Bulgaria, Romania and Eastern Germany under Soviet occupation

A

1944-1945 : Red army takes control

308
Q

Ideology differences with USSR and USA : Rights (2)

A

USSR : rights of workers more important individual rights

USA : individual freedom valued but outweighed by majority opinion

309
Q

Effect of Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech (2)

A

increased tension

USSR strengthened forces + made anti-west propaganda

310
Q

Nazi “Four Year Plan” Economic Policy 1936-1939 (3)

A

unsuccesful

ensure that Germany was self-sufficient in oil, steel, rubber - would be able to wage war without worrying about resources

propaganda campaign to convince people to buy German products

311
Q

Impact of Marshall Plan on USSR (2)

A

Cominform created

Comecon created

312
Q

Embassy opinions of USSR on US 1946 (2)

A

believed the US wanted to use its military to dominate the world

believed US no longer wanted to co-operate with USSR

313
Q

Impact of Dubcek’s reforms (2)

A

popular with Czech people

fear from Brezhnev

314
Q

Role of art/music/literature censorship (4)

A

Ministry of Propaganda made list of banned literature (anti-Nazi, Jewish, communist) which was seized + burned

writers, actors, musicians had to join the Reich Chamber of Commerce

music - no american influence, jazz since it was black and considered inferior

Art - no modern art, art could only show Nazi values

315
Q

Opposition to Nazi attempts to take control of Protestant Church (2)

A

Confessional Church 1934 - objected Nazis, church should remain independent from Nazis

set up by Niemoller + Bonhoeffer

316
Q

Positive impact of Berlin Wall on USSR (3)

A

stopped Berlin refugee problem

showed the West that communism would survive in Berlin

showed West that Germany would not be reunited under Western control

317
Q

Effects of the Locarno treaty (2)

A

nationalist unhappy with Stresemann accepting Treaty of Versailles terms

improved relations between Germany and other European countries

318
Q

Franz von Papen 1932 (3)

A

coalition was weak

Von Papen called election but Nazis still remained largest party (190 seats)

as a result, von Papen resigned

319
Q

Define passive resistance

A

peaceful means to resist authority

320
Q

Bay of Pigs invasion (4)

A

1961

1400 cuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs

intended to overthrow Castro’s government and place US-friendly government in control

failed

321
Q

Role of Informers in Nazi Terror (2)

A

some civilians gave information of their area to Gestapo

mistrust + tension between civilians

322
Q

Khrushchev answer to Berlin Refugee problem

A

whole of Berlin become East German territory

323
Q

Events after Kristallnacht (2)

A

Nazi newspaper presented event as reaction of German citizens - showing anger at the murder

in reality, Nazis had planned attacks, hoping it to be interpreted as genuine hatred towards jews

324
Q

Embassy opinions of US on USSR 1946 (2)

A

believed Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism

believed USSR would soften its position if met with strong resistance

325
Q

Impact of Berlin Wall on Relations between East and West Germany (2)

A

worsened relations initially - West wanted reunification

possibly improved relations - refugee issue was over + could be possible to improve relations

326
Q

Reorganisation of Nazi Party 1925-1929 (4)

A

believed he should win support by legal means - make it more appealing to German voters

appointed a leading Nazi to increase support for each German district

concentrated on winning support of farmers –> germany agriculture was suffering

established various organisation to take its message to particular groups of people

327
Q

Conflict/Tension during the Potsdam Conference (4)

A

USSR wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations

USA wanted German economy to recover

Truman believed USSR was occupying eastern countries it promised to liberate (could not do anything without risking war)

Truman wanted Polish government with less communist influence

328
Q

Main events of 11/11 November Munich Putsch (2)

A

Hitler arrested

Awaited his trial

329
Q

Function of Council of People’s Representatives in November 1918

A

temporary government

330
Q

Hitler main opposition in 1933 (3)

A

local government

trade unions - had communist sympathies + workers were loyal to them instead of Nazis

other political parties

331
Q

Impact of Atomic bomb on USA and USSR tensions (4)

A

US believed the bomb would help boost their negotiating power

US hoped that Western countries would feel more secure under American protection

Stalin became more determined to keep the USSR safe

less reluctant to go to war

332
Q

How freedom for women changed in Nazi Germany (2)

A

expected to be healthy to produce lots of children

smoking + drinking dissuaded

333
Q

Nazi school curriculum (7)

A

Race studies : aryan = superior, jews = inferior

more PE time : prepare boys to become soldiers, girls to become mothers, improve fitness + health

math examples were military related

history : learnt about rise of Nazi

biology : emphasized Aryan supremacy

geography : taught about Lebensraum

domestic science : prepare women to becoming mothers + wives

334
Q

Why Kapp Putsch started

A

Ebert attempted to disband the Freikorps

History (2 decks)

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