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Histochem > IHC > Flashcards

IHC Flashcards

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1
Q

process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section by a specific antigen/antibody reaction tagged with a visible label

A

IHC

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2
Q

combines histological, immunological, and biochemical techniques for identifying specific tissue components

A

IHC

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3
Q

anything that causes an immune response in animals/humans; stimulates production of antibodies in the host

A

immunogen

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4
Q

protein produced by plasma cells as the result of an immunogen

A

antibody

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5
Q

protein biomarker used in identifying cells, triggers the productions of Igs

A

antigen

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6
Q

recovers masked epitopes by breaking aldehyde bonds created by fixation, as well as unmasking antigens

A

heat induced epitope retrieval/antigen retrieval

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7
Q

large Y shaped protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses

A

antibody

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8
Q

antibodies recognize these parts of foreign objects

A

antigens

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9
Q

classified as primary or secondary reagents

A

antibody

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10
Q

binds to the primary antibody

A

secondary antibody

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11
Q

what 5 kinds of cell antigens are targeted?

A

-cytoplasm
-nuclear
-cell membrane
-lipids
-proteins

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12
Q

Melan-A, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 antigens are these kinds of antigens

A

cytoplasmic

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13
Q

ER, PR antigens are these kinds of antigens

A

nuclear

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14
Q

CD20, CD34, E-cadherin, LCA antigens are these kinds of antigens

A

cell membrane

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15
Q

one stop staining method that involves a labeled antibody directly binding with a specific antigen in a tissue section

A

direct IHC labeling

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16
Q

IHC staining method used for skin and kidney biopsies

A

direct IHC labeling

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17
Q

fastest way to get results but with low labeling intensity because the signal is not amplified

A

direct IHC labeling

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18
Q

uses an unlabeled primary antibody which is attached to the specific antigen; then a labeled secondary antibody is applied and attaches to the primary antibody, allowing visualization

A

indirect IHC labeling

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19
Q

longer method but less expensive and more sensitive

A

indirect IHC labeling

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20
Q

PAP method uses this complex with indirect IHC staining

A

peroxidase anti-peroxidase complex

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21
Q

ABC method uses this complex with indirect IHC staining

A

avidin-biotin complex

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22
Q

SP method uses this complex with indirect IHC staining

A

streptavidin peroxidase

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23
Q

secondary antibody is conjugated to several biotin molecules which recruit complexes in these three methods

A

ABC, SP, PAP

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24
Q

does not rely on biotin, uses a polymer backbone to which multiple antibodies and enzymes can be conjugated; secondary Abs have anti-mouse Ig and anti-rabbit Ig

A

polymer-based immunohistochemistry

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25
enzyme is used as a label
immunoenzyme method
26
example of an immunoenzyme method
DAB
27
fluorochrome is used as a label
immunofluorescence method
28
example of an immunofluorescence method
FITC
29
colloidal gold particles are used as a label
immunogold method
30
this method is used in EM
immunogold method
31
heterogenous mix of antibodies that recognize several epitopes, derived from different types of immune cells
polyclonal antibodies
32
specific to one epitope of an antigen, derived from a single cell line
monoclonal antibodies
33
easier and cheaper to produce antibody
polyclonal antibodies
34
difficult and more expensive to produce
monoclonal antibodies
35
duration of time calculated from when tissue is removed from the body to when tissue is placed into fixative
cold ischemic time
36
false positives are common in the _______ of large tissue blocks or in tissues with _________ fixation
center; delayed
37
tissue blocks should be no more than _ cm sq or _ mm thick
2; 4
38
used for identification of carcinomas but may also be expressed in some sarcomas
cytokeratin
39
used for identification of yolk sac tumors and HCC
alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
40
used for identifying GIST and mast cell tumors
CD117 (C-KIT)
41
used for identifying RCC and ALL
CD10 (CALLA)
42
used in identifying prostate cancer
PSA
43
used for diagnosing breast and gyn and prognostic for breast cancer and response of therapy
ER/PR
44
cell proliferation marker
KI67
45
T cell lymphoma markers (2)
CD3, CD5
46
B cell lymphoma markers (2)
CD20, CD10
47
Hodgkins lymphoma markers (2)
CD15, CD30
48
melanoma panel (2); mesenchymal markers
Mel A, HMB45
49
breast panel (4)
ER, PR, HER2, androgen receptor
50
CUP stands for
carcinoma of unknown primary
51
used to test a protocol or procedure and make sure it works
positive control
52
used to test the specificity of an antibody involved
negative controls
53
used to verify the specificity of the antibody and the validation of the protocol chosen
controls
54
this form of fixation is best for demonstrating good architecture
aldehyde
55
this form of fixation of is best for demonstrating cell membrane antigens and cytokines
frozen
56
paraffin loses antigenicity after ____ weeks
2
57
once sections have been deparaffinized and hydrated, do not let them ____
dry
58
process of recovering antigenicity of tissue that has been masked by formalin fixation and paraffin embedding
antigen retrieval
59
sections are soaked in retrieval solution and heated between
95-100 deg celcius
60
sections are incubated in enzyme solution for 5-30 mins at
37 deg celcius
61
enzyme antigen retrieval
PIER (protease)
62
PIER is bad for
morphology
63
the blocking step decreases
background staining
64
frequent causes of background staining is endogenous (2)
enzyme and biotin
65
use normal serum from the secondary host to block this
endogenous biotin
66
use hydrogen peroxide to block this
endogenous peroxidases
67
causes of specific background staining (2)
-polyclonal antibodies -inadequate fixation
68
causes of nonspecific background staining (3)
-nonimmunologic binding -endogenous peroxidases -endogenous biotin

Histochem (13 decks)

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