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PHRM 111 – IID > IID 02: Disease-causing Pathogens > Flashcards

IID 02: Disease-causing Pathogens Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of infectious pathogens?

A
  • bacteria
  • virus
  • fungi
  • protozoa
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2
Q

What are the different classifications of disease-causing pathogens? (2)

A
  • cell wall
  • shape
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3
Q

What are the 3 main groups of disease-causing pathogens based on cell wall characteristics?

A
  • gram-positive
  • gram-negative
  • unique cell wall/no cell wall
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4
Q

What are the 7 shapes of disease-causing pathogens?

A
  • cocci
  • coccobacilli
  • bacilli
  • vibrios
  • spirilla
  • spirochetes
  • actinomycetes
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5
Q

Describe the cocci shape.

A

spherical/oval

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6
Q

Describe the coccobacilli shape.

A

elongated oval shaped

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7
Q

Describe the bacilli shape.

A

rod shaped

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8
Q

Describe the vibrios shape.

A

comma shaped

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9
Q

Describe the spirilla shape.

A

rigid spiral forms

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10
Q

Describe the spirochetes shape.

A

flexible spiral forms

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11
Q

Describe the actinomycetes shape.

A

branching filamentous

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12
Q

Describe gram-positive stains.

A

purplish-blue

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13
Q

Describe gram-negative stains.

A

pinkish-red

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14
Q

Gram-positive

What are the two main shapes of gram-positive bacteria?

A
  • cocci
  • bacilli
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15
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What are the two types of cocci bacteria?
What test is done to determine the type?

A

catalase test

  • streptococci (chains) – negative, no bubbles
  • staphylococci (clusters) – positive, bubbles
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16
Q

What is the catalase test?

A

enzyme produced by microorganisms that rapidly converts hydrogen peroxide to water and free oxygen

  • positive reaction: immediate effervescence (bubble formation)
  • negative reaction: no bubble formation
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17
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What are the 3 types of streptococci (chains)?
What test is done to determine the type?

A

hemolytic test

  • alpha-hemolytic – green zone
  • beta-hemolytic – clear/yellowish zone
  • gamma-hemolytic – no hemolysis
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18
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What is alpha-hemolysis?

A

alpha-hemolysin partially breaks down RBCs, resulting in a ‘green zone’ surrounding the bacterial colonies

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19
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What is beta-hemolysis?

A

beta-hemolysin completely breaks down red blood cells and hemoglobin, leaving a ‘clear/yellowish zone’ around the bacterial colonies

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20
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What is gamma-hemolysis?

A

no hemolysis

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21
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What are alpha-hemolytic bacteria?

A
  • normal flora of nasopharynx
  • possible pathogen in: pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis
  • ie. streptococcus pneumoniae, viridans streptococci
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22
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What are beta-hemolytic bacteria?

A
  • normal flora of oropharynx, colonizer of skin
  • possible pathogen in: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis
  • ie. group A streptococci (S. pyogenes), group B streptococci (S. agalactiae)
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23
Q

Gram-positive Cocci

What are gamma-hemolytic bacteria?

A
  • normal flora of GI/GU tract
  • possible pathogen in: UTI, intra-abdominal infection, endocarditis
  • human pathogens (E. facaelis and E. faecium)
  • ie. enterococcus
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24
Q

What is minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

lowest concentration of antibiotic which prevents visible growth of a bacteria

  • used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing – ie. E-test, broth dilution method
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25
Gram-positive Cocci Describe the resistance of streptococcus.
- drug-resistant streptococcus pneumonia emerging - vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine associated with decreased rates of resistance
26
Gram-positive Cocci Describe the resistance of enterococcus.
- vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) - 30% resistance rate in US - associated with healthcare or long-term care exposure
27
Gram-positive Cocci What are the 2 types of staphylococci (clusters)? What test is done to determine the type?
coagulase test - coagulase (+) - coagulase (-)
28
What is the coagulase test?
enzyme produced by some bacteria that forms clots when applied to plasma - coagulase positive: presence of coagulase converts fibrinogen to fibrin (clot) - coagulase negative: no clot formation
29
Gram-positive Cocci What are coagulase positive bacteria?
- normal flora on skin - invasive pathogen - possible pathogen in: cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, endocarditis - ie. staphylococcus aureus
30
Gram-positive Cocci What are coagulase negative bacteria?
- normal flora on skin - less pathogenic than S. aureus - common contaminant - possible pathogen in: osteomyelitis with prosthetic device, infection in immunocompromised host - ie. coagulase-negative staphylococci/CoNS (staphylococcus epidermidis)
31
Gram-positive Cocci What is methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
- spread in healthcare settings and community - more common (16x) in those who inject illicit drugs
32
Gram-positive Bacilli What are the 2 types of bacilli? What test is done to determine the type?
oxygen test - aerobic – require oxygen for growth/survival - anaerobic – do not require oxygen for growth/survival, oxygen may negatively impact growth
33
Gram-positive Bacilli What are some examples of aerobic bacteria? (2)
- listeria - corynebacterium
34
Gram-positive Bacilli What are some examples of anaerobic bacteria? (1)
- peptostreptococcus
35
Gram-positive Bacilli What is the listeria species?
- found in unpasteurized milk - cause of listeriosis: severe sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis
36
Gram-positive Bacilli What is the corynebacterium species?
- causes diphtheria (C. diptheriae) - vaccination: 2, 4, 6 months (DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib), 18 months (DTaP-IPV-Hib)
37
Gram-positive Bacilli What are the 2 types of anaerobic bacteria?
- spore-forming – ie. clostridium - non-spore forming – ie. lactobacillus
38
Gram-positive Bacilli What is the clostridium species?
- C. difficile – pseudomembranous colitis - C. tetani – tetanus (vaccination at 2, 4, 6 months (DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib), 18 months (DTaP-IPV-Hib)) - C. botulinum – botulism
39
Gram-positive Bacilli What are C. difficile infections associated with?
associated with those who have taken antibiotics for other purposes - most common healthcare-associated infection
40
Gram-positive Bacilli What are some strategies to reduce C. difficile infections?
- improving antibiotic use - infection control - healthcare facility cleaning and disinfection - personal hygiene
41
Gram-negative What are the two main shapes of gram-negative bacteria?
- cocci - bacilli
42
Gram-negative Cocci What are the two types of cocci bacteria? What determines the type?
arrangement/shape - diplococci - coccibacci
43
Gram-negative Cocci What are some examples of diplococci shaped bacteria? (2)
- neisseria species - moraxella species
44
Gram-negative Cocci What are some examples of coccobacilli shaped bacteria? (2)
- haemophilus influenzae - bordetella pertussis
45
Gram-negative Cocci What is neisseria meningitidis?
- found in nasopharynx - possible pathogen in: meningitis, bacteremia
46
Gram-negative Cocci What is neisseria gonorrheae?
- possible pathogen in: urethritis/cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, neonatal conjunctivitis - causes gonorrhea (STI) - can result in life-threatening ectopic pregnancy and infertility - increases risk of contracting HIV
47
Gram-negative Cocci What is moraxella catarrhalis?
- found in nasopharynx - possible pathogen in: pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis
48
Gram-negative Cocci What is haemophilus influenzae?
- colonized in nasopharynx - possible pathogen in: bronchitis, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, meningitis - vaccination: 2, 4, 6 months (DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib), 18 months (DTaP-IPV-Hib)
49
Gram-negative Cocci What is bordetella pertussis?
- pathogen in: pertussis (whooping cough) - vaccination: 2, 4, 6 months (DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib), 18 months (DTaP-IPV-Hib)
50
Gram-negative Cocci Describe the resistance of neisseria gonorrheae.
half of all infections resistant to at least one antibiotic
51
Gram-negative Bacilli What are the two types of bacilli bacteria? What test is done to determine the type?
oxygen test - aerobic – require oxygen for growth/survival - anaerobic – do not require oxygen for growth/survival, oxygen may negatively impact growth
52
Gram-negative Bacilli What are the two types of aerobic bacteria? What test is done to determine the type?
lactose fermentation test - lactose fermenter - lactose non-fermenter
53
What is the lactose fermentation test?
when microorganisms ferment carbohydrate (ie. lactose), an acid or acid with gas are produced - positive – liquid turns yellow which indicates a drop in pH due to acid production (fermentation), gas production may occur - negative – liquid remains red as a result of no fermentation, no gas production will occur
54
Gram-negative Bacilli What are some examples of lactose fermenters?
- proteus - serratia - escherichia coli - citrobacter - klebsiella - enterobacter
55
Gram-negative Bacilli What are some examples of non-lactose fermenters?
- pseudomonas - acinetobacter - salmonella - shigella
56
Gram-negative Bacilli What is enterobacteriaceae?
- many species live within normal flora of intestine - some species possess high rates of resistance to commonly used antibiotics - ie. E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Shigella
57
Gram-negative Bacilli (Aerobic) What is 'easy' GNB?
- non-beta lactamase producing - ie. H. influenzae, E.coli, Klebsiella
58
Gram-negative Bacilli (Aerobic) What is 'hard' GNB?
- ESBL – extended spectrum beta-lactamases - HECK YES – Hafnia alvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, YErSinia
59
Gram-negative Bacilli What are 3 types of resistance?
- broad spectrum beta-lactamases (BSBL) - extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) - carbapenemases
60
Gram-negative Bacilli What are broad spectrum beta-lactamases (BSBL)?
enzymes which rapidly break down commonly used beta-lactam structured antibiotics - confer resistance to many penicillins and first-generation cephalosporins - second, third and fourth gen. cephalosporins, carbapenems still considered active
61
Gram-negative Bacilli What are extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)?
- confer resistance to third, and sometimes fourth generation cephalosporins - ESBL producing enterbacteriaceae often cause infection in otherwise healthy patients - limited antibiotic choices for treatment
62
Gram-negative Bacilli What are carbapenemases?
- confer resistance to the same antimicrobials as ESBL plus second generation cephalosporins and carbapenems - nearly resistant to all available antibiotics - new antibiotics/combinations being investigated for activity
63
Gram-negative Bacilli What are some examples of anaerobic bacteria? (1)
- bacteroides species
64
What are anaerobic bacteria?
- infections commonly associated with: abscess, foul odour or discharge, tissue necrosis, gangrene - possible pathogen in: intra-abdominal infections, aspiration pneumonia, abscess
65
Unique Cell Wall/No Cell Wall (Atypicals) Describe this type of bacteria.
- chemically unique cell wall or no cell wall present - colour not apparent on gram stain - possible pathogens in: respiratory infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually transmitted infections - consider antibiotics with mechanisms other than cell wall disruption – ie. macrolides (ribosomal interactions), tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones - ie. chlamydia, mycobacterium species (tuberculosis, leprosy), mycoplasma
66
Pathogenic Viruses Describe pathogenic viruses.
- structurally unique as carry little other than information in the form of nucleic acid – use living host cells for replication - possible pathogen in almost all forms of infectious diseases
67
Pathogenic Viruses Describe drug treatment.
identifying effective antiviral targets is difficult as viral replication uses host cell machinery
68
Pathogenic Viruses Describe vaccinations.
vaccination programs can be effective for control/eradication (ie. smallpox, polio)
69
What are some examples of pathogenic fungi? (4)
- candida species - cryptococcus species - aspergillus species - pneumocystis species
70
Pathogenic Fungi What is the candida species?
- yeast - normal flora in gut - possible pathogen in: oropharyngeal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, fungemia
71
Pathogenic Fungi What is the cryptococcus species?
- yeast - possible pathogen in: immunocompromised patients
72
Pathogenic Fungi What is the aspergillus species?
- commonly found in soil - possible pathogen in: immunocompromised patients
73
Pathogenic Fungi What is the pneumocystis species?
- possible pathogen in: immunocompromised patients (pneumonia)
74
What are some examples of pathogenic protozoa? (4)
- giardia duodenalis - plasmodium species - trichomonas vaginalis - toxoplasma gondii
75
Pathogenic Protozoa What is giardia duodenalis?
- cause of giardiasis (beaver fever) – diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss - source: water contamination
76
Pathogenic Protozoa What is plasmodium species?
- cause of malaria – fever, fatigue, vomiting, yellow skin, seizure - source: mosquito
77
Pathogenic Protozoa What is trichomonas vaginalis?
- cause of trichomoniasis – genital itching, burning - source: sexual contact
78
Pathogenic Protozoa What is toxoplasma gondii?
- cause of toxoplasmosis – flu-like symptoms (severe if immunocomprpmised), congenital toxoplasmosis - source: undercooked meat, cate feces

PHRM 111 – IID (20 decks)

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