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PHRM 111 – IID > IID 08: Bugs and Drugs > Flashcards

IID 08: Bugs and Drugs Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the gram-positive bacteria in the drug bug table? (5)

A
  • strep
  • staph
  • MRSA-CA
  • MRSA-Hosp
  • enterococcus
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2
Q

What are the easy gram-negative bacteria in the drug bug table? (1)

A

(all in one column)

  • E. coli, H. influenza, klebsiella pneumoniae
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3
Q

What are the hard gram-negative bacteria in the drug bug table? (2)

A

SPACE/HECK Yes

  • serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia
  • pseudomonas
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4
Q

What are the anaerobic bacteria in the drug bug table? (2)

A
  • pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces (above the diaphragm)
  • bacteroides
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5
Q

What are the 8 beta-lactam drugs in the drug bug table?

A
  • penicillin
  • ampicillin/amoxicillin
  • amoxicillin-clavulanate
  • cloxacillin
  • piperacillin-tazobactam
  • 1st generation cephalosporin
  • 2nd generation cephalosporin
  • 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporin
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6
Q

What bugs does penicillin cover?

A

gram-positive

  • strep
  • enterococcus

anaerobes:

  • pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces (above the diaphragm – great for dental stuff)
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7
Q

What bugs does ampicillin/amoxicillin cover?

A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • enterococcus

easy gram-negative:

  • E. coli, H. influenza, klebisuella, pneumoniae

anaerobes:

  • peptostreptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces – common for HEENT
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8
Q

What bugs does amoxicillin-clavulanate cover?

A

gram-positive

  • strep
  • staph
  • enterococcus

easy gram-negative

  • E. coli, H. influenza, klebsiella pneumoniae

anaerobes:

  • pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces (above the diaphragm)
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9
Q

What does clavulanate do?

A

inhibits beta-lactamase

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10
Q

What is the sepctrum of cloxacillin?

A
  • very narrow spectrum
  • resistance is rare
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11
Q

What bugs does cloxacillin cover?

A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph
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12
Q

What is the drug of choice for staph?

A

cloxacillin

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13
Q

What bugs does piperacillin-tazobactam cover?

A

everything except:

  • MRSA-CA (gram-positive)
  • MRSA-Hosp (gram-positive)
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14
Q

What is the spectrum of piperacillin-tazobactam?

A
  • very broad spectrum
  • reserved for special cases
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15
Q

What bugs do 1st generation cephalosporins cover?

A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph

easy gram-negative:

  • +/- (covers, but starting to see some resistance)
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16
Q

What are some 1st generation cephalosporins?

A
  • cephalexin (oral)
  • cefazolin (IV)
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17
Q

What bugs do 2nd generation cephalosporins cover?

A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph

easy gram-negative:

anaerobes:

  • pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces – cefoxitin only
  • bacteroides – cefoxitin only
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18
Q

What are some 2nd generation cephalosporins?

A
  • cefuroxime
  • cefprozil
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19
Q

What bugs do 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins cover?

A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph

easy gram-negative:

hard gram-negative:

  • serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia
  • pseudomonas – ceftaxidine, cefipime only
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20
Q

What bugs do carbapenems/imipenem/meropenem cover?

A

everything except:

  • MRSA-CA (gram-positive)
  • MRSA-Hosp (gram-positive)
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21
Q

What bugs does erythromycin cover?

Study These Flashcards
A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph
  • MRSA-CA (covers, but starting to see some resistance)
  • MRSA-Hosp (covers, but starting to see some resistance)

easy gram-negative:

  • E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • NOT H. influenza
22
Q

What bugs does clarithro/azithromycin cover?

Study These Flashcards
A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph
  • MRSA-CA (covers, but starting to see some resistance)
  • MRSA-Hosp (covers, but starting to see some resistance)

easy gram-negative:

  • E. coli, H. influenza, Klebsiella pneumoniae
23
Q

What bugs do resp fluoroquinolones and moxi/levofloxacin cover?

Study These Flashcards
A

gram-positive:

  • strep
  • staph (covers, but starting to see some resistance)

easy gram-negative:

hard gram-negative:

  • serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia
  • pseudomonas (covers, but starting to see some resistance)
24
Q

What bugs does ciprofloxacin cover

Study These Flashcards
A

easy gram-negative:

hard gram-negative:

  • serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia
  • pseudomonas (only oral antibiotics)
25
What is the spectrum of aminoglycosides?
- narrow spectrum - not absorbed orally – IV only - tobramycin/gentamycin reserved due to toxicities
26
What bugs do aminoglycosides cover?
gram-positive: - staph (synergy) - MRSA-CA (synergy) - MRSA-Hosp (synergy) - enterococcus (synergy) easy gram-negative: hard gram-negative: - serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia
27
What bugs does SMX/TMP cover?
gram-positive: - strep - staph - MRSA-CA (covers, but starting to see some resistance) - MRSA-Hosp (covers, but starting to see some resistance) easy gram-negative: hard gram-negative: - serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia
28
What do tetracyclines include?
- tetracycline - minocycline - doxycycline
29
What population are tetracyclines not used in?
children < 8 - due to side effects
30
What bugs do tetracyclines/monocyclines/doxycyclines cover?
gram-positive: - strep - staph - MRSA-CA (covers, but starting to see some resistance) easy gram-negative: - (covers, but starting to see some resistance) anaerobes: - pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces
31
Describe the absorption of vancomycin.
not systematically absorbed
32
What does vancomycin target?
gram-positive bacteria
33
What bugs does vancomycin cover?
gram-positive: (all) - strep - staph - MRSA-CA - MRSA-Hosp - enterococcus anaerobes: - bacteroides – C. diff only (via oral formulation)
34
What is linezolid used for?
reserved for vancomycin resistance
35
What bugs does linezolid cover?
gram-positive: (all) - strep - staph - MRSA-CA - MRSA-Hosp - enterococcus
36
What does clindamycin target?
- gram-positive - anaerobes
37
What bugs does clindamycin cover?
gram-positive: - strep - staph - MRSA-CA (covers, but starting to see some resistance) - MRSA-Hosp (covers, but starting to see some resistance) anaerobes: - pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces (above the diaphragm) - bacteroides
38
What is daptomycin used for?
reserved for vancomycin resistance
39
What bugs does daptomycin cover?
gram-positive: (all) - strep - staph - MRSA-CA - MRSA-Hosp - enterococcus
40
What is the spectrum of metronidazole?
- narrow spectrum only - anaerobe activity only - IV/oral
41
What bugs does metronidazole cover?
- pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces - bacteroides (including C. diff)
42
What drugs cover strep?
all except: - ciprofloxacin - aminoglycosides - metronidazole
43
What drugs cover staph?
all except: - penicillin - ampicillin/amoxicillin - ciprofloxacin - metronidazole
44
What drugs cover MRSA-CA?
- erythromycin - clarithro/azithromycin - aminoglycosides - SMX/TMP - tetracyclines - vancomycin - linezolid - clindamycin - daptomycin
45
What drugs cover MRSA-Hosp?
(same as MRSA-CA except not tetracycline) - erythromycin - clarithro/azithromycin - aminoglycosides - SMX/TMP - vancomycin - linezolid - clindamycin - daptomycin
46
What drugs cover enterococcus?
- penicillin - ampicillin/amoxicillin - amoxicillin-clavulanate - piperacillin-tazobactam - carbapenems/imipenem/meropenem - aminoglycosides - vancomycin - linezolid - daptomycin
47
What drugs cover easy gram-positive bacteria (E. coli, H. influenza, Klebsiella pneumoniae)?
all except: - penicillin - cloxacillin - erythromycin does not cover H. influenza - vancomycin - linezolid - clindamycin - daptomycin - metronidazole
48
What drugs cover serratia, acinetobacter, hafnia alvei, enterobacter, cloacae, citrobacter, klebsiella, aerogenes, yersinia (hard gram-negative)?
- piperacillin-tazobactam - 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporin - carbapenem/imipenem/meropenem - resp fluoroquinolones, moxi/levofloxacin - ciprofloxacin - aminoglycosides - SMX/TMP
49
What drugs cover Pseudomonas (hard gram-negative)?
- piperacillin-tazobactam - 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (ceftazidine and cefepime only) - carbapenem/imipenem/meropenem - resp fluoroquinolones, moxi/levofloxacin - ciprofloxacin (oral only)
50
What drugs cover pepto-streptococcus, P. melaninogenica, actinomyces (anaerobes)?
- penicillin - ampicillin/amoxicillin - amoxicillin/clavulanate - piperacillin-tazobactam - 2nd generation cephalosporins (cefoxitin only) - carbapenem/imipenem/meropenem - tetracyclines - clindamycin - metronidazole
51
What drugs cover bacteroides (anaerobes)?
- piperacillin-tazobactam - 2nd generation cephalosporins (cefoxitin only) - carbapenem/imipenem/meropenem - vancomycin (targets C. diff only) - clindamycin - metronidazole

PHRM 111 – IID (20 decks)

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