IIIR2

Question 1

What can Bradykinin, Platelet Activating Factor, Serotonin and Histamine all do?

Answer 1

Vasodilate

Question 2

What do Selectins do?

Answer 2

Mediate rolling.

Question 3

What are Weibel-Palade bodies?

Answer 3

They hold P-selectins and can put them on the PM very quickly.

Question 4

What do Integrins do?

Answer 4

Mediate Cell/Cell and Cell/PM interactions.

Question 5

ICAM 1-2 bind to what?

Answer 5

Bind to Integrins.

Question 6

What are chemotaxis?

Answer 6

Chemical trails that tell the WBCs where the fight be at.

Question 7

What in B cell maturation occurs on chromosome 14?

Answer 7

Heavy chain rearrangement.

Question 8

In heavy chains, what two regions rearrange first, and what region rearranges last?

Answer 8

D and J rearrange first, and V joins the party later.

Question 9

What do VpreB and Lambda 5 do?

Answer 9

They make a faux B protein. If the heavy chain can bind, then the B cell continues to mature.

Question 10

What does IL-10 tell a B cell to become? IL-4

Answer 10

IL-10: be a plasma cell

IL-4: Be a memory cell

Question 11

What is HEV?

Answer 11

High endothelial venules, a place where lymphocytes (T and B cells) can enter the lymph.

Question 12

Where are Peyer’s patches and what do they do?

Answer 12

They are in the gut and catch pathogens.

Question 13

What tissue does the spleen survey?

Answer 13

Blood.

Question 14

What tissue do lymph nodes survey?

Answer 14

They are throughout the body and survey the local environments and tissue.

Question 15

What are the stages of B-Cell development?

Answer 15

stem cell > early pro-b > late pro-b > large pre-b > small pre-b > immature b cell

Question 16

When does the light chain rearrangement occur?

Answer 16

in the small pre-b cell.

Question 17

Where is MHCI found?

Answer 17

On all nucleated cells.

Question 18

Where is MHCII found?

Answer 18

In APC (B-cells, macs, DCs, epithelial cells of thymus)

Question 19

What is transudate?

Answer 19

edema fluid with low protein concentration.

Question 20

What is exudate?

Answer 20

edema fluid with high protein concentration. Means higher vascular permeability.

Question 21

What does Phenobarbital and Lorazepam do?

Answer 21

Helps to prevent seizures.

Question 22

What does vancomycin do?

Answer 22

it’s a gram positive antibiotic focusing on cell wall.

Question 23

What does SMAC help facilitate?

Answer 23

It helps bring T-Cell and APC together. It has a central region with TLR and cytokines and a peripheral region with tall glue-like molecules.

Question 24

What does ifn-gamma do?

Answer 24

It hit receptors to make ROS and kill microbes.

Question 25

What receptor catches LPS?

Answer 25

Cd14

Question 26

What do cytokines do (TNF, IL-6, IL-1)?

Answer 26

Send adhesion molecules to the surface (locally). It can also cause hypotension and fever (systemically).

Question 27

How are thromboxane and prostacyclin different?

Answer 27

Thromboxane: vasoconstrictor, promotes platelet aggregation. Prostacyclin: vasodilator, inhibits platelet aggregation.

Question 28

How do you get from phospholipase to arachidonic acid?

Answer 28

Cell membrane lipids (phospholipase) > arachidonic acid > cyxlooxygenase > prostaglandin and thromboxane.

Question 29

What causes the release of histamine?

Answer 29

(PICH) Physical injury, IgE binding to mast cells, Compliment (C3a and C5a), Heat/cold

Question 30

Where does histamine work?

Answer 30

It binds to the H1 receptor on the post capillary venule increasing permeability

Question 31

Why do E selectins take longer than P selectins?

Answer 31

They have to be translated.

Question 32

When is CD34 expressed? CD10? CD127? CD19?

Answer 32

CD34: pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell CD10: common lymphoid progenitor CD127: B cell precursor CD19: pro-B-cell

Question 33

What is the fxn of stromal cells?

Answer 33

They release chemokines that tell the B and T cells where to go, (CXCR5 receptor and CXCR13 bread crumbs for B cells) and (CCR7 receptors and CCL19 and CCL21 bread crumbs).

Question 34

What the order of events if a DC find an Ag in the spleen?

Answer 34

1. DC take up Ag and presents on either MHCI or MHCII (depends on the pathogen) 2. DC migrates to periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS) and present Ag to T cells. 3. T cells go to B cell area and activate them

Question 35

What is MALT?

Answer 35

A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, a secondary lymphatic tissue. Also GALT (Gut), NALT (Nose) and BALT (Bronchus)

Question 36

What are Peyer's patches?

Answer 36

Smooth cells embedded in the small intestine and screen for pathogens. Ag enter Peyer's patches through M cell, which takes them to DCs inside the PP. Then the DC exits via efferent lymphatics.

Question 37

Who does MHCI present to?

Answer 37

Cytotoxic T cells.

Question 38

Who does MHCII present to?

Answer 38

Helper T Cells.

Question 39

What are the four types of T cells?

Answer 39

1. Th17: Extracellular bacteria and fungi 2. Th1: Intracellular pathogens 3. iTreg: Regulation of immune responses 4. Th2: Extracellular parasites, allergies and asthma

Question 40

What protein cleaves fibrinogen to make fibrin?

Answer 40

Thrombin.

Question 41

What protein helps neutrophils to stop rolling?

Answer 41

ICAM and VCAM

Question 42

What protein helps neutrophils to exit?

Answer 42

PECAM on endothelial cells

Question 43

What are signs of liquifactive necrosis?

Answer 43

Cells have lost structure, purulent exudate.

Question 44

Where does liquifactive necrosis occur?

Answer 44

Brain, pancreas are common.

Question 45

What is the premade vasodilator in mast cells?

Answer 45

histamine

Question 46

What else releases premade histamine?

Answer 46

platelets and basophils.

Question 47

What do leukotrienes do?

Answer 47

vasoconstriction and make smooth muscles contract. Bronchoconstriction.