IL3: Hypothalamic Pituitary Target Axis Flashcards

(41 cards)

1
Q

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland

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2
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

It secretes various hormones that regulate bodily functions

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ gland is responsible for releasing prolactin.

A

pituitary

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4
Q

What happens if the connection between the pituitary gland and hypothalamus is disrupted?

A

Prolactin levels in blood can be disrupted

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5
Q

What hormonal secretions are affected by sexual activity?

A

SH and Th secretion

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6
Q

How does puberty affect blood vessels?

A

It increases the number of cells in blood vessels

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: The hypothalamus releases hormones via the _______.

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

What hormone is critical for growth and development during infantile and early childhood?

A

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormones play a vital role in various developmental processes in early life.

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9
Q

Which hormone is largely responsible for growth during childhood and puberty?

A

Growth hormone

Growth hormone produces IGF-1, which accelerates linear growth.

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10
Q

What effect do sex hormones have during puberty?

A

Cause growth spurt and boost growth hormone secretion

This leads to increased height and body mass during puberty.

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11
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal growth plates due to sex steroids?

A

They close, leading to cessation of growth

This occurs at late puberty and marks the end of linear growth.

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12
Q

What regulates the production of growth hormone?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

This hormone stimulates the secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.

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13
Q

What inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?

A

Somatostatin

Somatostatin is produced by the hypothalamus and acts to inhibit growth hormone release.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The childhood and pubertal phases are largely dependent on _______.

A

growth hormone

Growth hormone plays a key role during these developmental stages.

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15
Q

What is the role of insulin in relation to blood glucose levels?

A

Lower glucose in blood

Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, thus reducing blood sugar levels.

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16
Q

True or False: Growth hormone increases blood glucose levels.

A

False

Growth hormone actually helps to lower blood glucose levels.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between growth hormone and fat?

A

Reduces fat

Growth hormone promotes lipolysis, leading to decreased fat mass.

18
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on the liver?

A

Stimulates IGF-1 production

IGF-1 is crucial for growth and metabolic processes.

19
Q

What is the primary function of IGF-1?

A

Accelerate linear growth

IGF-1 is a key mediator of the effects of growth hormone on growth.

20
Q

What factors stimulate growth hormone secretion?

A
  • Decreased blood glucose
  • Decreased blood free fatty acids
  • Fasting and starvation
  • Sex steroids
  • Ghrelin
  • Deep sleep (stages II and IV)
21
Q

What factors inhibit growth hormone secretion?

A
  • Increased blood glucose
  • Increased blood free fatty acids
  • Aging
  • Obesity
  • Sleep
  • Stress and trauma
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Somatostatin
  • Exogenous growth hormone
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1
22
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Excessive growth hormone secretion leading to changes in facial structure, shoe size, and wedding ring size.

23
Q

What are the effects of acromegaly on glucose metabolism?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, leading to a higher risk of diabetes.

24
Q

Fill in the blank: Patients with acromegaly have _______ glucose intolerance.

25
What cardiovascular complications can arise from excessive growth hormone?
* Heart thickening * Blood retention in the lungs * Arterial hypertension (40%) * Cardiomyopathy * Ventricular hypertrophy * Congestive heart failure
26
What is the relationship between growth hormone deficiency and short stature?
Growth hormone deficiency can lead to short stature.
27
True or False: Growth hormone deficiency can affect cardiovascular health.
True
28
What are the potential treatments for growth hormone deficiency?
* Oral growth hormone therapy * Dopamine agonists
29
What is the significance of somatostatin in growth hormone regulation?
Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone secretion.
30
What physiological changes can occur due to excessive growth hormone?
* Thickening of the heart * Increased blood pressure * Risk of diabetes
31
What must be ruled out for the diagnosis of prolactinoma?
* Pregnancy * Primary hypothyroidism * Chronic liver and kidney diseases * Estrogen therapy * Oral contraceptive use ## Footnote These conditions can mimic the symptoms of prolactinoma.
32
What are the size classifications of pituitary adenomas?
* Microadenomas: <10 mm * Macroadenomas: ≥ 10 mm ## Footnote The classification depends on the size and function of the tumor.
33
What is acromegaly?
Excessive growth hormone secretion leading to changes in physical appearance and health complications ## Footnote Acromegaly is often caused by a pituitary adenoma.
34
What are the effects of acromegaly on glucose metabolism?
Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance ## Footnote This can lead to various metabolic complications.
35
Fill in the blank: Patients with acromegaly have _______ glucose tolerance.
[impaired] ## Footnote This indicates a significant metabolic disturbance in these patients.
36
What cardiovascular complications can arise from acromegaly?
* Heart thickening * Blood retention in the lungs * Arterial hypertension ## Footnote These complications are linked to prolonged elevated growth hormone levels.
37
What factors inhibit growth hormone secretion?
* Increased blood glucose * Increased free fatty acids * Somatostatin ## Footnote These factors signal the body to reduce growth hormone production.
38
What factors stimulate growth hormone secretion?
* Decreased blood glucose * Increased amino acids * Exercise * Sleep ## Footnote These stimuli trigger the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.
39
What is the potential relationship between prolactinoma and breast cancer?
Possible increased risk ## Footnote The relationship is still being studied and requires further investigation.
40
What is the clinical approach to diagnosing a pituitary adenoma?
Evaluate symptoms and imaging studies ## Footnote Symptoms may vary depending on the size and function of the adenoma.
41
What is the role of TRH in hyperprolactinemia?
Stimulates prolactin release from the pituitary gland ## Footnote TRH levels can influence prolactin levels and are important in understanding hyperprolactinemia.