Illness and Disease Flashcards
(20 cards)
1
Q
Ideas in 1850
A
- miasma
- spontaneous generation
- 4 humours
2
Q
What were the 4 humours?
A
- blood
- yellow bile
- black bile
- phlegm
3
Q
Who published Germ Theory?
A
Louis Pasteur
4
Q
When was Germ Theory published?
A
1861
5
Q
Germ Theory
How did it come about?
A
- Pasteur was a chemist employed to find a way to prevent milk spoiling
- 1850s experimented on milk, vinegar and alcohol
- discovered micro-organisms caused disease and could be killed by heating (pasteurisation)
- 1860 disproved spont. gen. in competition organised by French Academy of Science
- little short term effect by 1878
6
Q
Effects of Pasteur
A
- limited short term impact
- 20 years later - development of antiseptic surgery
- 30 years later - vaccines
7
Q
Robert Koch
A
- German physician and microbiologist born in 1843 who read P’s work
- rivalry w/ P in Franco-Prussian War 1870-1
8
Q
Pasteur’s vaccines
A
- ‘79 chicken cholera - confirmed Jenner’s theory
- ‘81 anthrax
- ‘82 rabies
- no effective vaccines for humans
9
Q
When did Koch discover a method for staining microbes?
A
1872
10
Q
What was the first microbe that Koch identified?
A
anthrax in 1876
11
Q
Koch and Bacteriology
A
- father of medical bacteriology
- 1878 septiceamia
- 1880 grew cultures with agar jelly
- 1882 TB
- 1883 cholera
12
Q
Salvarsan 606
A
- first ‘magic bullet’
- 1909 Paul Ehrlich
- treated syphillis
- 1911 used on humans
13
Q
What was a side effect of Salvarsan 606?
A
liver failure
14
Q
Marie Curie
A
- 1898 discovered polonium and radium
- 1903 Nobel Prize in Phy for discovering radioactivity
- 1910 Radium Institute set up; shrink cancerous tumours w/ radioactivity
- 1911 Nobel Prize in Chem for isolating pure radium
- outfitted and drove mobile x-ray machines in WWI
15
Q
Prontosil
A
- second magic bullet
- 1932 Gerhard Domagk
- effective against streptococcus bacteria
- saved Domagk’s daughter in 1935 from death
- gained renown after used to treat Franklin Rooselvelt’s son
16
Q
Discovery of Penicillin
A
- accidental discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928
- first antibiotic
- AF did very little and no further research
17
Q
Drawback of Prontosil
A
- ineffective against viral diseases
- side effects like kidney and liver damage
18
Q
Florey and Chain
A
- 1939 formed research team
- penicllin successfully tested on mice in 1940 and humans in 1941
- asked US government for funding in 1941
19
Q
Mass Production of Penicillin
A
- 1942 US gov gave $80m to 4 drug companies to find a way to mass-produce penicillin
- 1943 mass production began
- June 1944 enough to treat all D-Day casualties
- End of WWII, US 2m doses used by US army per month
20
Q
Tetanus Vaccine
A
- tetanus vaccine 1924
- 1940 Battle of Dunkirk - 17k vaccinated wounded soldiers; none developed tetanus
