Illustrating Depressive/Mood Disorders

Question 1

Which disorder is characterized by recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the situation, occurring at least 3 times a week?

Answer 1

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

Question 2

How long and often must the symptoms of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) persist before a diagnosis can be made?

Answer 2

3x or more a week in 12 months or more

Question 3

In which settings must the symptoms of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) be present for the diagnosis?

Answer 3

At least 2 settings

Question 4

What is the age range for the onset of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)?

Answer 4

Onset should be after 6 years and before 18 years

Question 5

Can Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) be diagnosed in a child who has experienced a full-duration hypomanic or manic episode?

Answer 5

No, if the child has ever experienced a full-duration hypomanic or manic episode, DMDD cannot be diagnosed.

Question 6

Which disorder is persistent in nature, unlike bipolar disorder, which is episodic?

Answer 6

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

Question 7

What must be present for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) to be diagnosed, in addition to frequent outbursts?

Answer 7

Severe and frequently recurrent outbursts with persistent disruption in mood between outbursts.

Question 8

How long must an individual experience either anhedonia (lack of interest) or depressed mood for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

Answer 8

At least 2 weeks

Question 9

What is the associated risk of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in terms of mortality?

Answer 9

MDD is associated with high mortality.

Question 10

Which axis is hyperactive in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and is associated with melancholia, psychotic features, and risks for eventual suicide?

Answer 10

The HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis.

crucial neuroendocrine system that regulates the body’s stress response

Question 11

How does schizoaffective disorder differ from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in terms of delusions and hallucinations?

Answer 11

In schizoaffective disorder, delusions or hallucinations occur exclusively for 2 weeks without MDD.

Question 12

Which subtypes of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) exist?

Answer 12

Seasonal, Catatonic, Melancholic.

Question 13

Depression symptoms occur during specific times of the year, often in the fall or winter, and resolve at a characteristic time of year, such as spring.

Answer 13

Seasonal Affective Disorder - SAD

Question 14

is a collection of symptoms affecting movement and behavior, including mutism (not speaking) and stupor (the state of being in a daze).

Answer 14

Catatonia

Question 15

is a subtype of depression characterized by a severe loss of pleasure and prominent physical symptoms.

Answer 15

Melancholic depression

Question 16

MDD commonly co-occurs with which disorders?

Answer 16

Substance-related disorders, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), PTSD, OCD, anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Question 17

How long must an individual experience a depressed mood for a diagnosis of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?

Answer 17

At least 2 years.

Question 18

If an individual meets full criteria for Major Depressive Episode (MDE) during the period of Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), which diagnosis applies?

Answer 18

A diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

Question 19

A separate diagnosis of PDD is not made if symptoms occur only during the psychotic disorder. True or False?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

This occurs when an individual suffers from both Major Depressive Episode (MDE) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) with fewer symptoms.

Answer 20

Double Depression

Question 21

How many symptoms must be present for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) during the majority of menstrual cycles?

Answer 21

At least 5 symptoms.

Question 22

Are delusions and hallucinations common in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)?

Answer 22

Delusions and hallucinations have been described in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle but are rare.

Question 23

What is the minimum duration for episodes to be considered as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

Answer 23

Episodes must have occurred for at least 2 years with no evidence of nonseasonal Major Depressive Episodes (MDE) during that period of time.

Question 24

What common term is often associated with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), especially in the winter months when people feel isolated or restricted?

Answer 24

Cabin fever.

Question 25

Acute grief where the individual acknowledges the finality of death and adjusts to the loss.

Answer 25

Integrated Grief

Question 26

Complicated Grief can develop without a preexisting depressed state.

Answer 26

Complicated Grief

Question 27

What is the historical significance of Aretaeus of Cappadocia in relation to Bipolar Disorder?

Answer 27

Combined mania and melancholia, stating mania was a worsened state of melancholia.

Question 28

Who began using the term "melancholicus mania" in 1679, and what does it refer to?

Answer 28

**Theophile Bonet**, referring to the combination of manic and depressive states.

Question 29

Who described Melancholia and Mania as distempers of raving in their writings?

Answer 29

Willis

Question 30

What was Emil Kraepelin's contribution to the understanding of Bipolar Disorder?

Answer 30

He classified bipolar disorder under manic-depressive insanity (MDI).

Question 31

According to Emil Kraepelin, what are the characteristics of individuals with manic-depressive insanity (MDI) after recovering from episodes?

Answer 31

Mild residual states and mild fluctuations between episodes.

Question 32

Who were some of the first to reference manic-depressive symptoms in children?

Answer 32

Adolf Meyer, Karl Abraham, and Melanie Klein.

Question 33

What must be true in order to diagnose a Depressive Disorder due to a medical condition?

Answer 33

No depressive symptoms before the onset of the medical condition.

Question 34

What must be considered when diagnosing a Depressive Disorder due to another medical condition?

Answer 34

The potential of the medical condition to cause a depressive disorder.

Question 35

What is the minimum requirement for a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder (BP1)?

Answer 35

At least 1 manic episode (elevation and euphoria).

Question 36

In Bipolar I Disorder, what is often the first episode to occur?

Answer 36

Major Depressive Episode (MDE).

Question 37

When assessing children for a potential manic episode, what should be considered in relation to their behavior?

Answer 37

Children should be judged according to their own baseline to determine whether a particular behavior is normal or evidence of a manic episode.

Question 38

What factors should be considered when diagnosing Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 38

Family history, onset, medical history, presence of psychotic symptoms, history of lack of response to antidepressant treatment, or the emergence of a manic episode during antidepressant treatment

Question 39

What is the diagnosis if psychotic symptoms occur exclusively during manic and major depressive episodes in Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 39

Bipolar I disorder, with psychotic features.

Question 40

What is the typical age of onset for Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 40

Late adolescence or early adulthood.

Question 41

In children, what is essential when assessing for mania?

Answer 41

The symptoms must represent a clear change from the child’s typical behavior.

Question 42

What should be true for mood lability and impulsivity symptoms to justify a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 42

There must be a distinct episode of illness, or a noticeable increase in these symptoms over the individual’s baseline.

Question 43

What are common comorbid disorders in individuals with Bipolar I Disorder?

Answer 43

Anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorder, other substance use disorders, and ADHD.

Question 44

What is the typical duration of a manic episode in Bipolar I Disorder if left untreated?

Answer 44

4-6 months

Question 45

What are the key features of Bipolar II Disorder (BP2)?

Answer 45

Major Depressive Episodes (MDE) + Hypomanic episodes (lasting at least 4 days).

Question 46

What often marks the beginning of Bipolar II Disorder?

Answer 46

Depressive episodes.

Question 47

What is the distinguishing factor of Bipolar II Disorder compared to Cyclothymic Disorder?

Answer 47

Bipolar II Disorder includes one or more hypomanic episodes and one or more MDE, while Cyclothymic Disorder does not meet full criteria for depressive or hypomanic episodes.

Question 48

What is a common feature of individuals with Bipolar II Disorder during hypomanic episodes?

Answer 48

Impulsivity and heightened levels of creativity.

Question 49

How do individuals with Bipolar II Disorder typically perform on cognitive tests?

Answer 49

They perform more poorly than healthy individuals, which may contribute to vocational difficulties.

Question 50

What are common comorbid conditions with Bipolar II Disorder?

Answer 50

Anxiety disorders are the most common, but other mental disorders can co-occur.

Question 51

What is the risk for developing Bipolar II Disorder among relatives of individuals with BP2?

Answer 51

Risk tends to be highest among relatives of individuals with Bipolar II Disorder compared to those with Bipolar I or MDD.

Question 52

A milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder, with symptoms that don’t meet the complete criteria for depressive or hypomanic episodes.

Answer 52

Cyclothymic Disorder

Question 53

What is the typical duration of symptoms for Cyclothymic Disorder in adults and children/adolescents?

Answer 53

At least 2 years for adults, and at least 1 year for children and adolescents.

Question 54

Which mood disorders are more common among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with Cyclothymic Disorder?

Answer 54

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Bipolar I Disorder (BP1), and Bipolar II Disorder (BP2).

Question 55

What is a common feature of adolescents with mania in terms of their presentation?

Answer 55

Adolescents with mania often have complex presentations that include psychotic symptoms.

Question 56

How does the early course of mania in adolescents typically differ from other age groups?

Answer 56

Adolescents may have a prolonged early course of mania and a poorer response to treatment.

Question 57

What characteristic is commonly observed in children with bipolar disorder (BD) in terms of mood symptoms?

Answer 57

Children with BD often exhibit very rapid fluctuations in mood symptoms, especially when co-morbid with other disorders.

Question 58

How is irritability in children with bipolar disorder (BD) typically described?

Answer 58

Irritability in children with BD is very severe, persistent, highly disabling, and often associated with violence.

Question 59

What is a common emotional difficulty faced by individuals with bipolar disorder?

Answer 59

Clients with bipolar disorder often experience difficulties in emotion regulation.

Question 60

How does emotional overregulation affect children, especially in the context of bipolar disorder?

Answer 60

Emotional overregulation is related to behavioral inhibition and may lead to internalizing problems in children.

Question 61

Refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience, providing clues to an individual’s level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.

Answer 61

Emotion reactivity

Question 62

Involves enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal, typically for a specific purpose or goal.

Answer 62

Emotion regulation

Question 63

Means that existing control structures operate maladaptively.

Answer 63

Dysregulation

Question 64

How do emotions contribute to the development of young children?

Answer 64

Emotions help young children learn more about themselves and their surroundings, which is part of learning to identify and monitor their feelings and behavior.