☆ Theoretical Approaches (20) ― Learning

Question 1

type of learning in which neutral stimulus is paired with response until it elicits that response

Answer 1

Classical Conditioning

Question 2

natural stimulus

Answer 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

e.g: The smell or sight of cat food.

Question 3

natural or unlearned response

Answer 3

Unconditioned Response

e.g: The cat gets excited and runs to eat.

Question 4

newly conditioned event introduced

Answer 4

Conditioned Stimulus

e.g: The sound of a can opener.

Question 5

response from the conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Conditioned Response

e.g: The cat hears the can opener and immediately runs to the kitchen, even before seeing the food.

Question 6

without *CS showed long enough, the behavior could be eliminated

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

Extinction

Question 7

strength of the response to similar objects or people is usually a function of how similar these objects or people are, this is called

Answer 7

Stimulus Generalization

e.g: over time, the cat begins reacting to similar sounds, like a blender, a knife chopping, or a plastic bag rustling, even if no food is being prepared.

Question 8

Edward Titchener; subjects report their inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli

Answer 8

Introspection

Question 9

founder of behaviorism, also did the “Little Albert” Experiment

Answer 9

John B. Watson

Question 10

patients were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish

Answer 10

Systematic Desensitization

Question 11

behavior changes as a function of what follows the behavior (rewards or punishment)

Answer 11

Operant Conditioning

Question 12

Ivan Pavlov’s Dog experiment is _ Conditioning

Answer 12

Classical Conditioning

Question 13

B.F Skinner’s Rat experiment is _ Conditioning

Answer 13

Operant Conditioning

Question 14

Who?

Law of effect

(behavior can be strengthened or weakened)

Answer 14

Edward Thorndike

Question 15

process of reinforcing successive approximations to a final behavior or set of behaviors

Answer 15

Shaping

Question 16

Rewarding for behavior

Answer 16

Reinforcement

Question 17

Removing unpleasant stimulus as a reward.

Answer 17

Negative Reinforcement

Question 18

Who invented the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 18

Albert Bandura

Question 19

process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others

Answer 19

Modeling/observational learning

Question 20

people observe models, learns chunks of behavior, and mentally put chunks together into complex new behavior patterns

Hitting Doll experiment

Answer 20

Social Cognitive Theory

Question 21

Who did the Hitting/Bobo Doll experiment?

Answer 21

Albert Bandura

Question 22

person’s confidence in their own abilities to accomplish their goals

Answer 22

Self-Efficacy

Question 23

when rats or other animals encounter conditions over which they have no control, they give up attempting to cope and seem to develop the animal equivalent of depression

Answer 23

Learned Helplessness

Question 24

Who found the concept of “Learned Helplessness”?

Answer 24

Martin Seligman and colleagues

Question 25

negative effects due to internal failings

Answer 25

Internal Attribution

Question 26

even after a particular negative events pass, additional bad things will “always be my fault” remains or the assumption that the cause of an event or behavior is consistent and unchanging over time.

Answer 26

Stable Attribution

Question 27

attributions extend across a variety of issues or the belief that a single cause explains many different events.

Answer 27

Global Attribution

Question 28

if people faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives, nevertheless, display optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to function better psychologically and physically

Answer 28

Learned Optimism

Question 29

we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species

Answer 29

Prepared Learning

Question 30

desirable outcomes will not occur, and that the person has no responses available to change this situation

Answer 30

Hopelessness Theory