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Image Critique Flashcards

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1
Q

PA Finger

A
  • soft tissue width and concavity equal on both sides of phalanges
  • No overlap from adjacent digits
  • IP and MCP joints open
  • CR at PIP
  • fingers and half MC included
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2
Q

PA Oblique Finger

A
  • twice as much soft tissue width and more concavity is demonstrated on one side of phalanges as the other
  • no overlap from adjacent digits
  • IP and MCP joints open
  • CR at PIP joint
  • finger and half of MC included
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3
Q

Lateral Finger

A
  • no overlap from adjacent finger
  • anterior surface demonstrates midshaft concavity and posterior surfaces show slight convexity
  • more than twice as much soft tissue width demonstrated on anterior surface
  • IP joint open
  • CR at PIP joint
  • entire finger and MC head included
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4
Q

AP/PA Thumb

A
  • soft tissue width and concavity equal on both sides
  • IP, MCP, CM joints open
  • minimal SI of medial palm soft tissue over proximal first MC and CM joint
  • CR at MCP joint
  • phalanges, MC, CM joint
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5
Q

PA Oblique Thumb

A
  • twice as much soft tissue and more concavity on side of thumb next to fingers
  • IP, MCP, CM joint open
  • CR at MCP
  • phalanges, MC, CM joint included
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6
Q

Lateral Thumb

A
  • anterior proximal shows concavity
  • thumbnail in profile
  • IP, MCP, CM joints open
  • first proximal MC is slightly SI by second proximal MC
  • CR at MCP joint
  • phalanges, MC and CM joints included
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7
Q

PA Hand

A
  • equal distance btwn MC heads
  • equal concavity on 2-5 digits
  • thumb 45 degree PA oblique
  • thumb is in close proximity to hand
  • IP, MCP, CM joints open
  • CR at third MCP
  • phalanges, MC, carpals, 1 inch of distal radius/ulna
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8
Q

PA Oblique Hand

A
  • 2-5th MC more concavity on one side
  • 3-5th MC heads slightly SI
  • IP and MCP joints open
  • thumb in PA oblique
  • CR at third MCP
  • phalanges, MC, carpals, 1 inch of distal radius/ulna
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9
Q

Lateral Hand

A
  • 2nd-5th MC’s are SI
  • IP joints open
  • CR at MCP joints
  • phalanges, MC, carpals, 1 inch of distal radius/ulna
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10
Q

PA Wrist

A
  • ulnar styloid in profile medially
  • scaphoid fat stripe demonstrated
  • radial styloid in profile laterally
  • radioulnar articulation is open
  • radioscaphoid and radoilunate joints closed
  • posterior radial margin SI no more than 1/4 of lunate
  • 2-5th CM joint open
  • lunate midpoint is distal to radioulnar
    -CR at carpal bones
  • carpal bones, 1/4 distal radius/ulna, half of proximal MCs
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11
Q

PA Oblique Wrist

A
  • ulnar styloid in profile medially
  • lunate midpoint distal to radioulnar
  • radioscaphoid and radiolunate joints closed
  • anterior and posterior distal radius not SI
  • posterior radial margin SI no more than 1/4 lunate
  • 2nd Cm and scaphotrapezial joints open
  • no SI of trapezoid and trapezium
  • trapeziotrapezoidal open
  • trapeziocapitate closed
  • CR at carpal bones
  • carpal, 1.4th distal radius/ulna, half of proximal MC
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12
Q

Lateral Wrist

A
  • ulnar styloid in profile posteriorly
  • pronator fat stripe demonstrated
  • anterior aspect of distal scaphoid and pisiform are aligned
  • distal radius and ulna SI
  • trapezium without SI of first proximal MC
  • CR at carpal bones
  • carpal, 1/4 of distal radius/ulna, half of proximal MC
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13
Q

Scaphoid PA axial with ulnar deviation

A
  • ulnar styloid in profile medially
  • scaphotrapezium and scaphotrapezoidal open
  • scaphocapitate and scapholunate open
  • radioscaphoid joint open
  • CR at scaphoid
  • carpal, radoulnar, proximal 1-4th MC
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14
Q

AP Forearm

A
  • radial styloid demonstrated in profile laterally
  • minimal SI of MC bases and of radius/ulna
  • radial tuberosity demonstrated in profile medially
  • radius and ulna run parallel
  • ulnar styloid projected distally to midline of ulnar head
  • 1/8 of radial head SI ulna
  • olecranon process situated within olecranon fossa
  • coronoid process visible on end
  • CR at forearm midpoint
  • wrist and elbow joints, forearm tissue
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15
Q

Lateral Forearm

A
  • anterior aspect of distal scaphoid and pisiform aligned
  • distal radius and ulna SI
  • radial tuberosity not demonstrated in profile
  • ulnar styloid demonstrated in profile posteriorly
  • anterior aspects of radial head and coronoid process are aligned
  • CR at forearm midpoint
  • wrist and elbow joints, forearm tissue
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16
Q

AP Elbow

A
  • medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in profile
  • 1/8 of radial head SI ulna
  • radial tuberosity in profile medially
  • radius and ulna are parallel
  • elbow joint space open
  • radial head articulating surface not demonstrated
  • olecranon process situated within olecranon fossa
  • CR at elbow joint
  • elbow joint, 1/4th proximal forearm and distal humerus, lateral soft tissue
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17
Q

AP Oblique Elbow (Medial)

A
  • coronoid process, trochlear notch and medial aspect of trochlea seen
  • 3/4 of radial head SI ulna
  • trochlear-coronoid process joint space is open
  • coronoid process articulating surface is not demonstrated
  • CR at elbow joint
  • elbow joint, 1/4 proximal forearm and distal humerus, lateral soft tissue
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18
Q

AP Oblique Elbow (Lateral)

A
  • capitulum and radial head seen in profile
  • ulna demonstrated without radial head, neck, tuberosity SI
  • radioulnar joint open
  • capitulum-radial head joint open
  • radial head articulating surface not demonstrated
  • CR at elbow joint
  • elbow joint, 1/4 proximal forearm, distal humerus, lateral soft tissue
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19
Q

Lateral Elbow

A
  • anterior, posterior and supinator fat pads demonstrated
  • elbow flexed 90 degrees
  • humerus demonstrated 3 concentric arcs
  • humerus - distal surfaces of capitulum and medial trochlea nearly aligned. anterior surfaces of radial head and coronoid process aligned
  • forearm - elbow joint open. anterior surfaces of capitulum and medial trochlea aligned. Proximal surfaces of radial head and coronoid process aligned
  • radial tuberosity not demonstrated
  • CR at elbow joint
  • elbow joint, 1/4 proximal forearm and distal humerus, lateral soft tissue
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20
Q

AP Humerus

A

Distal humerus :
- medial and lateral humeral epicondyles demonstrated
- 1/8 of radial head SI ulna
Proximal humerus :
- greater tubercle in profile laterally
- humeral head in profile medially
- vertical cortical margin of lesser tubercle visible about halfway btwn greater tubercle and humeral head

-CR at humeral midpoint
- shoulder and elbow joints, lateral soft tissue

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21
Q

Lateral Humerus

A

Proximal humerus :
- lesser tubercle in profile medially
- humeral head and greater tubercle SI
Distal humerus :
- anterior surfaces of capitulum and medial trochlea nearly aligned

  • CR at humeral midpoint
  • shoulder and elbow joints, lateral soft tissue
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22
Q

AP Shoulder

A
  • scapular body demonstrates minimal transverse f.s
  • 1/2 of superior scapular body visualized without thorax SI
  • medial clavicular end positioned next to lateral edge of vertebral column
  • glenoid cavity is partially demonstrated with humeral head SI
  • mid clavicle SI superior scapular angle
  • humerus demonstrated without abduction
    Externally rotate humerus : greater tubercle in profile laterally and humeral head partially seen in profile medially.
  • CR at superior scapular body
  • glenohumeral joint, clavicle, proximal 1/3 of humerus, entire scapula
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23
Q

Shoulder AP Oblique Glenoid

A
  • glenoid cavity demonstrated in profile and glenohumeral joint space open
  • 1/3 of coracoid process is SI humeral head
  • glenoid cavity without thorax SI
  • clavicle horizontally situated
  • superior margin of coracoid process is aligned with superior margin of glenoid cavity
  • CR at glenohumeral joint
  • glenoid cavity, humeral head, coracoid and acromion process, lateral clavicle.
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24
Q

Shoulder PA Oblique Scapular Y

A
  • scapular body in lateral projection with SI lateral and vertebral scapular borders
  • scapular structures form a Y (scapular body as leg, acromion and coracoid as arms)
  • glenoid cavity demonstrated on end at converging point of arms and leg of Y
  • glenoid cavity and humeral head, & scapular body and humeral shaft SI
  • clavicle and superior scapular angle visualized at same transverse level
  • CR at mid scapular body
  • scapula, coracoid, acromion, proximal humerus
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25
AP Toes
- midshaft concavity and soft tissue width equal on both sides - IP and MTP joints open - no soft tissue or bony overlap of adjacent digit - CR at 3rd MTP joint - phalanges, half of MT
26
AP Oblique Toes
- twice as much soft tissue and more concavity on side of digit rotated away from IR - IP and MTP joints open - CR at joint (D1) and PIP (D2-D5) - phalanges, half of MT
27
Lateral Toes
- condyles of proximal phalanx SI - CR at IP/PIP - phalanges and MTP joint space
28
AP Foot
- equal spacing btwn D2-D5 MT's - 1/3 of talus SI calcaneus - medial and intermediate cuneiforms articulation is open - TMT and navicular-cuneiform joint spaces open - CR at 3rd MT base - proximal calcaneus, talar neck, tarsals, MT, phalanges, soft tissue
29
AP Oblique Foot
- cuboid-cuneiform and 3-5th intermetatarsal joint spaces are open - tarsi sinus and 5th MT tuberosity are visualized - CR at 3rd MT base - phalanges, MT, tarsals, calcaneus, soft tissue
30
Lateral Foot
- MT heads SI - 90 degree angle ; neutral ankle joint - proximal talar domes aligned - tibiotalar joint open - distal fibula demonstrated about .25 inch distal to distal aspect of medial tibia - 1/2 of cuboid visualized posteriorly to navicular bone - talar domes aligned anteriorly and posteriorly - anterior aspect of distal fibula aligned with mid-tibia - posterior half of distal tibia SI fibular - CR at distal tarsals - phalanges, MT, calcaneus, 1 inch of distal lower leg, soft tissue
31
Calcaneus - Plantodorsal Axial
- talocalcaneal joint open - calcaneal tuberosity demonstrated with minimal distortion - distal MT not demonstrated on medial or lateral aspect - sustentaculum tali in profile - CR at proximal calcaneal tuberosity - calcaneal tuberosity, talocalcaneal joint space open
32
Calcaneus Lateral
- 90 degree - neutral joint - proximal talar domes aligned j - tibiotalar joint open - distal fibula demonstrated 0.5 inch distal to distal aspect of medial tibia - 1/2 cuboid visualized posteriorly to navicular bone - talar domes aligned anteriorly and posteriorly - anterior aspect of distal fibula aligned with mid tibia - posterior half of distal tibia SI fibula - CR at mid calcaneus - tibiotalar joint, talus, calcaneus, calcaneus-articulating tarsal bones
33
AP Ankle
- neutral ankle joint - medial mortise open - tibia SI 1/2 of distal fibula - anterior and posterior tibial margins adjacent to medial malleolus are aligned - tibiotalar joint open - CR at tibiotalar joint - distal fourth of tib/fib, talus, soft tissue
34
AP Oblique Ankle
- distal fibula demonstrated without talar SI demonstrating an open lateral mortise - lateral and medial malleoli in profile - tibia SI 1/4 of distal fibula - tibiotalar joint space open - calcaneus visualized distal to lateral mortise and fibula - CR at tibiotalar joint space - distal 1/4 of tib/fib, talus, soft tissue
35
Lateral Ankle
- 90 degree, neutral angle - proximal talar domes aligned - tibiotalar joint open - distal fibula demonstrated 0.25 inch distal to distal aspect of medial tibia - 1/2 of cuboid visualized posteriorly to navicular bone - talar domes aligned anteriorly and posteriorly - anterior aspect of distal fibula aligned with mid tibia - posterior half of distal tibia SI fibula - CR at tibiotalar joint - talus, 1 inch of 5th MT base, soft tissue, distal 1/4 of tib/fib
36
AP Tib/Fib
- tibia SI 1/4 of fibular head and 1/2 of distal fibula - fibular midshaft free of tibial SI - knee and tibiotalar joint spaces closed - CR at tibial midshaft - tibia, fibula, knee, soft tissue
37
Lateral Tib/Fib
- tibia SI 1/2 of fibular head - fibular midshaft free of tibial SI - posterior aspects of distal tibia and fibula aligned - knee and tibiotalar joint space closed - CR at tibial midshaft - tib/fib, knee, soft tissue
38
AP Knee
- femoral epicondyles in profile - femoral condyles symmetrical - intercondylar eminence centered within intercondylar fossa - tibia SI half of fibular head - patella lies just proximal to femoral patellar surface and is slightly lateral to knee midline - intercondylar fossa is partially demonstrated as small arch btwn condyles - femorotibial joint space open - anterior and posterior tibial margins aligned - fibular head 0.5 inch distal to tibial plateau - CR at knee joint (femorotibial) - 1/4 of distal femur and proximal lower leg, soft tissue
39
AP Oblique Knee (lateral/external rotation)
- fibular head aligned with anterior edge of tibia - medial femoral condyle in profile without SI lateral condyle - patella lies just proximal to femoral patellar surface - Intercondylar fossa partially demonstrated as a small arch btwn condyles - femorotibial joint space open - anterior and posterior tibial margins aligned - fibular head is 0.5 inch distal to tibial plateau - CR at knee joint - 1/4 of distal femur and proximal lower leg, soft tissue
40
AP Oblique Knee (Internal/medial rotation)
- fibular head seen free of tibial SI - lateral femoral condyle is in profile without SI medial condyle - patella lies just proximal to femoral patellar surface - intercondylar fossa partially demonstrated as a small arch btwn condyles - femorotibial joint space open - anterior and posterior tibial margins aligned - fibular head 0.5 inch distal to tibial plateau - CR at knee joint - 1/4 of distal femur and proximal lower leg, soft tissue
41
Lateral Knee
- patella situated proximal to patellar surface of femur - patellofemoral joint open - distal margins of medial and lateral femoral condyles aligned - fibular head is 0.5 inch distal to tibial plateau - knee joint space open - anterior and posterior margins of medial and lateral femoral condyles are aligned - tibia SI 1/2 of fibular head - CR at knee joint - 1/4 of distal femur and proximal lower leg, soft tissue
42
AP Femur Proximal
- ischial spine aligned with pelvic brim - obturator foramen is open - greater trochanter in profile laterally - lesser trochanter is completely SI by proximal femur - proximal femoral shaft, hip, soft tissue - 1-2 inches of overlap evident with distal AP femur projection
43
Femur AP Distal
- femoral epicondyles in profile - femoral condyles symmetric in shape - tibia SI 1/2 of fibular head - CR at distal femoral shaft - distal femoral shaft, soft tissue, knee joint, 1 inch of lower leg - 1-2 inches of overlap
44
Lateral Femur Proximal
- lesser trochanter in profile medially - femoral neck and head SI over greater trochanter - femoral neck demonstrated on end - greater trochanter demonstrated at same transverse level - CR at proximal femoral shaft - proximal femoral shaft, hip joint, soft tissue - 1-2 inches of overlap
45
Lateral Distal Femur
- anterior and posterior margins of medial and lateral femoral condyles aligned - mediolateral - medial femoral condyle is distal to lateral femoral condyle - CR at distal femoral shaft - distal femoral shaft, soft tissue, knee joint, 1 inch of lower leg - 1-2 inches of overlap
46
AP Hip
- sacrum and coccyx are aligned with symph - obturator foramina is open - ischial spine aligned with pelvic brim - greater trochanter in profile laterally - lesser trochanter SI by femoral neck - CR at femoral head/neck - acetabulum, greater and lesser trochanters, femoral head and neck, 1/2 of sacrum, coccyx, symph
47
Lateral Hip Frog Leg
- ischial spine aligned with pelvic brim - sacrum and coccyx aligned with symph - lesser trochanter in profile medially - femoral neck SI over greater trochanter - proximal greater trochanter at transverse level halfway btwn femoral head and lesser trochanter - CR at femoral neck - acetabulum, greater and lesser trochanters, femoral head and neck, 1/2 of sacrum, coccyx, symph
48
AP Pelvis
- sacrum and coccyx aligned with symph - iliac wings symmetric - greater trochanters in profile laterally - lesser trochanters SI by femoral necks - CR at inferior mid sacrum - iliac wings, symph, ischia, acetabula, femoral neck and heads, greater and lesser trochanters
49
AP Ribs
- thoracic vertebrae-rib articulations demonstrated - medial clavicular end adjacent to lateral edge of vertebral column - equal distances from spinous processes to pedicles on each side - jaw and scapula out of lung field AP Upper - 8 post. ribs seen above diaphragm - CR at 7th posterior rib - affected sides 1-9 ribs, vertebral column AP Lower - 8-12th posterior ribs demonstrated below diaphragm - CR at 10th posterior rib - past of thoracic and lumbar vertebral column and 8-12th ribs of affected side
50
AP Oblique Ribs
- inferior sternal body halfway btwn vertebral column and lateral rib surface - axillary ribs demonstrated and at center - anterior ribs located lateral edge AP Oblique Upper - 8 axillary ribs above diaphragm - CR at 7th axillary rib - 1-10th axillary ribs of affected side and thoracic vertebral column AP Oblique Below - 9-12th axillary ribs below diaphragm - CR at 10th axillary rib - thoracic and lumbar vertebral column, 8-12th axillary ribs
51
AP Clavicle
- medial clavicular end lies next to lateral edge of vertebral column - clavicle and superior scapular angle visualized at same transverse level - CR at mid clavicle - clavicle and acromion process included
52
AP Axial Clavicle
- medial clavicular end lies next to lateral edge of vertebral column - clavicle and superior scapular angle visualized 0.5 inch inferior to clavicle - medial end of clavicle SI over 1,2 or 3rd rib - middle and lateral thirds of clavicle seen superior to acromion process and clavicle bows upwardly - CR at mid clavicle - clavicle and acromion process included
53
Abdomen AP Supine
- spinous processes aligned with midline of vertebral bodies with pedicles at equal distances from them - iliac wings symmetrical - sacrum centered within inlet of pelvis and aligned with symph - CR at L4 - T12, lateral soft tissue, iliac wings, symph - diaphragms located superior to 9th posterior ribs
54
AP Upright Abdomen
- spinous processes aligned with midline of vertebral bodies with pedicles at equal distances - iliac wings symmetrical - sacrum centered within inlet of pelvis and aligned with symph - CR at L3 - 9th thoracic vertebra, lateral soft tissue, iliac wings, symph - diaphragms located superior to 9th posterior rib
55
AP Supine KUB
- spinous processes aligned with midline of vertebral bodies with pedicles at equal distances - iliac wings symmetrical - sacrum centered within inlet of pelvis and aligned with symph - CR at L4 - T12, lateral soft tissue, iliac wings, right and left kidneys - diaphragms located superior to 9th posterior ribs
56
AP Axial Bladder
- regions of distal ends of ureters, bladder and proximal portion of urethra - pubic bones projected below bladder neck and proximal urethra - cm in bladder, distal ureters and proximal urethra
57
PA Chest
- thoracic vertebrae and posterior ribs seen through heart and mediastinal structures - lung field symmetric - equal distances from vertebral column to sternal clavicular ends - equal lengths of right and left corresponding posterior ribs - mandible not in exposure - clavicles positioned in same horizontal plane - scapulae located outside lung field - manubrium SI by T4 - 1 inch of apices above clavicles - CR at T7 - both lung apices to costophrenic angles included - 9 posterior ribs (portion of 10th) above diaphragm
58
Lateral Chest
- anteroinferior lunch and heart well defined - right and left side posterior ribs nearly SI; no more than 0.5 inch of space between them - sternum in profile - mandible not in exposure - lungs nearly SI hemidiaphragms - no humeral soft tissue seen SI anterior lung apices - CR at T8 - entire lung field (apices to costophrenic angles), posterior ribs included - hemidiaphragms demonstrate gentle, superiorly bowed contour and are inferior to T11
59
Lateral C Spine
- prevertebral fat stripe demonstrated - anterior and posterior aspects & superior and inferior aspects of right and left articular pillars and right and left zygapophyseal joints of each cervical vertebra are SI -intervertebral disk spaces open - posterior arch of C1 and spinous process of C2 in profile without occipital base obstruction - bodies of C1 and C2 without mandibular SI - CR at C4 - sella, clivus, C1-C7, superior half of T1
60
Lateral C/T Swimmer's
- right and left cervical zygapophyseal joints, articular pillars, posterior ribs SI - humerus elevated above head is aligned with vertebral column - C5-C7 without shoulder SI - intervertebral disk spaces open - CR at T1 - C5-7, T1-3
61
AP Open Mouth Cervical Spine
- atlas is symmetrically seated on axis, with atlas's lateral masses at equal distances from dens - spinous processes of axis aligned with midline of axis's body - mandibular rami visualized at equal distances from lateral masses - upper incisors and occipital base seen superior to dens and atlantoaxial joint - atlantoaxial joint is open - CR at dens - atlantoaxial and occipitoatlantal joints, atlas's lateral masses and transverse processes and axis's dens and body
62
AP Axial C Spine
- spinous process aligned with midline of cervical bodies - mandibular angles and mastoid tips equal distances from cervical vertebrae - articular pillars and pedicles symmetrically visualized lateral to cervical bodies - equal distances from vertebral column to medial clavicular ends - intervertebral disk spaces open - each vertebra's spinous process is visualized at level of its inferior intervertebral disk space - C3 demonstrated entirely - occipital base and mandibular mentum SI - CR at C4 - C2-C7
63
AP T Spine
- spinous processes aligned with midline of vertebral bodies - equal distances from vertebral column to sternal clavicular ends and from pedicles to spinous processes - intervertebral disk spaces open - CR at T7 - C7, T1-12, L1, 2.5 inches of posterior ribs on each side of vertebral column - 9 posterior ribs above diaphragm
64
Lateral T Spine
- intervertebral foramina demonstrated - pedicles in profile - posterior surfaces of each vertebral body SI - no more than 1/2 inch of space btwn posterior ribs - humeri or soft tissue not obscuring vertebrae - intervertebral disk spaces open - CR at T7 - C7, T1-12, L1
65
AP Lumbar Spine
- psoas muscles are demonstrated - spinous processes aligned with midline of vertebral bodies, with equal distances from pedicles to spinous processes - sacrum and coccyx centered within inlet pelvis - intervertebral disk spaces open - CR at L3 - T12, L1-5, sacroiliac joints, psoas muscles
66
Lateral Lumbar Spine
- intervertebral foramina and spinous process in profile - right and left pedicles and posterior surfaces SI - intervertebral disk spaces open - CR at L3 - T12, L1-5, sacroiliac joints, psoas muscles
67
Lateral L5-S1
- L5-S1 intervertebral foramen demonstrated - right and left pedicles SI - grater sciatic notches nearly SI - L5-S1 intervertebral disk space open - L5 vertebral body and sacrum demonstrated - pelvic alae nearly SI - CR at L5-S1 disk space - L5, S1, S2
68
Sacrum AP Axial
- ischial spines equally demonstrated and aligned with pelvic brim - median sacral crest and coccyx aligned with symph - sacral foramina demonstrate equal spacing - symph not SI over any portion of sacrum - CR at S3 - L5, S1-5, Coccygeal, symph, SI joints
69
Lateral Sacrum
- L5-S1 intervertebral foramen is open - median sacral crest in profile - greater sciatic notches SI - femoral heads aligned - L5-S1 intervertebral disk space open - pelvic alae nearly SI - CR at S3 - L5, S1-5, coccygeal, promontory
70
AP Axial Coccyx
- coccyx aligned with symph and at equal distances from lateral walls of inlet pelvis - Coccygeal 1-3 seen without symph SI - CR at coccyx - S5, 3 coccygeal vertebrae, symph, pelvic brim
71
Lateral Coccyx
- median sacral crest in profile - greater sciatic notches SI - CR at coccyx - S5, coccyx, inferior median sacral crest
72
PA Axial Caldwell
- equal distances from lateral orbital margins to lateral cranial cortices - petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits - petrous pyramids and infraorbital margins SI - superior orbital fissures seen within orbits - supraorbital margins on same horizontal plane - CR at ethmoid Cranial : outer cranial cortex & ethmoid Facial/Sinuses : frontal, ethmoid, lateral cranial cortices
73
AP Axial Townes
- equal distances from posterior clinoid process to lateral borders of foramen magnum & mandibular necks to lateral cervical vertebrae - petrous ridges symmetrical - dorsum sellae centered within foramen magnum - dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids without SI atlas post. arch - equal distances from posterior clinoid to lateral borders of foramen magnum - petrous ridges in same transverse plane - CR at inferior occipital bone - outer cranial cortex, petrous ridges, dorsum sellae, foramen magnum
74
PA Water's
- equal distances from lateral orbital margins to lateral cranial cortices - petrous ridges inferior to maxillary sinuses and extend laterally from posterior maxillary alveolar process - Sinus Open Mouth - sphenoid sinuses visualized through open mouth - infraorbital margins on same horizontal plane - CR at anterior nasal spine - frontal and maxillary sinus, lateral cranial cortices
75
Lateral Skull (cranial, facial, sinus)
- sells turcica in profile - anterior and posterior & inferior and superior aspects of orbital roofs, mandibular rami, greater wings, zygomatic bones, cranial cortices SI - Cranial : poaterioinferior occipital bones and posterior arch of atlas free of SI - Cranial CR - 2 inches superior to EAM - Facial & Sinus CR - zygoma and greater wings Cranial : outer cranial cortex Facial & Sinus : frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary, greater wings, orbital roofs, sella, zygoma, mandible
76
Nasal Bones Waters
- equal distances from lateral orbital margins to lateral cranial cortices - petrous ridges inferior to maxillary sinuses and extend laterally from posterior maxillary alveolar - infraorbital margins on same horizontal plane - CR at anterior nasal spine - orbits, maxillary sinus, nasal cavity
77
Lateral Nasal Bones
- anterior and posterior & inferior and superior aspects of orbital roofs, greater wings, anterior cranial cortices SI - CR at nasal bones - nasal bones, with surrounding soft tissue, anterior nasal spine of maxilla, anterior aspects of cranial cortices, orbital roofs, zygomatic bone
78
PA Axial Orbits
- entire orbits - petrous pyramid lying below orbital shadows - symmetric visualization of orbits - close beam restriction of orbital region - bony details and orbit and soft tissues of eye
79
Lateral Orbits
- entire orbits - orbitals roofs SI - close beam restriction centered to orbital region - bony details of orbits and soft tissues of eye
80

Clinical (6 decks)

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