Images/Investigations

Question 1

What frequency does US?

Answer 1

10MHz

Question 2

Depth of anterior chamber

Answer 2

3.1mm

Question 3

Where is the standard reference plane taken in Heidelberg retinal topography (HRT) of the optic disc?

Answer 3

50 um below the optic nerve head boundary line at the temporal disc edge along the horizontal midline
it corresponds to the centre of the papillomacular bundle of the RNFL.

Question 4

ERG - Increased a wave

Answer 4

alibinism

Question 5

ERG - Reduced b wave

Answer 5

CRAO, congenital stationary night blindness

Retinoschisis

Question 6

ERG - no response

Answer 6

Batten’s disease, Leber’s congenital amaurosis

Question 7

Pattern ERG

Answer 7

detects local MACULAR disease
N35
P50 - macular PRs
N95 - ganglion cell layer

Question 8

Best vietlliform ERG and EOG

Answer 8

ERG normal

EOG reduced, diminished arden ratio

Question 9

Pattern VEP

Answer 9

V1 of cortex

Question 10

Flash VEP

Answer 10

V2 of cortex

Question 11

VEP in ambylopia

Answer 11

pattern abnormal

Flash normal

Question 12

Background and maximal illumination in Humphrey’s

Answer 12

31.5apostolib
Maximal - 10,000 apostolib
0 means needed maximal illuminance in order to see the point

Question 13

Corneal refelx displacement

Answer 13

Reflex displaced to:
pupil edge = 2 mm = 15 degrees = 30 PD
midway from pupil to limbus = 4mm = 30 degrees = 60PD
limbus = 6mm = 45 degrees = 90PD

Question 14

Wegeners

Answer 14

c-ANCA

Question 15

During which phase of the fluorescein angiogram does a cilioretinal artery fill

Answer 15

Choroidal

Question 16

dacryoscintigraphy

Answer 16

FUNCTIONAL information

Question 17

Gold standard for fundus autofluoresence?

Answer 17

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy

Question 18

Biometry <22mm

Answer 18

Haigis, Hoffer Q

Question 19

Biometry 22-26mm

Answer 19

SRK/T, Barrett

Question 20

Biometry >26mm

Answer 20

Haigis, SRK/T

Question 21

What difference in biometry in eyes do we need to re-check?

Answer 21

> 0.3mm

Question 22

What do the roman numerals in goldmann VF mean?

Answer 22

Roman numerals( I-V) indicate the size of the target. With every drop in number the diameter halves. V is the largest.

Question 23

What do the numbers in goldmann VF mean?

Answer 23

Number (1-4) indicates the brightness of the stimulus. The larger the number, the brighter the target. Each consecutive drop represents a 5db change
On the Goldmann perimeter, the test objects can be varied in both size and intensity by using different filters.

Size: of the test object is represented by the Roman numeral (I-V). Each increment of the Roman numeral doubles the radius (and quadruples the area) of the test object.

Light intensity: can be altered using different neutral density filters. Filters 1-4 are in increments of 5 dB each. Filters a-e are in increments of 1 dB each.

Thus, the III4e test object will have twice the radius and four times the area of the II4e test object, with the same light intensity.

Question 24

Amsler grid - large square size?

Answer 24

10cm

Question 25

B scan

Answer 25

Dense tissues are brighter - hyperechogenic Higher gain settings allow weak signals to be visualized ( small foreign body, posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous opacity) High frequency ultrasound produces image with better resolution, but poorer penetration Four quadrants of the eye are typically denominated with the following nomenclature based on clock hours 1) T12 ( superior quadrant) 2) T9 ( lateral quadrant) 3) T3 ( nasal quadrant) 4) T6 ( inferior quadrant)

Question 26

OCT

Answer 26

Time Domain - quicker, mirror moves | Fourier Domain - higher resolution, mirror fixed

Question 27

Cystoid macula edema

Answer 27

caused by muller cell necrosis, and cystic fluid spaces | ONL

Question 28

Retinal laser treatment

Answer 28

Hyper-reflectivity in ONL

Question 29

Microaneurysms

Answer 29

occur in the IPL/INL

Question 30

Hard Exudates

Answer 30

ONL/OPL

Question 31

LA 30Hz ERG

Answer 31

look at 30Hz flicker if delay: general cone problem if no delay but reduce amplitude: Focal cone problem

Question 32

Selective laser trabectulectomy complications

Answer 32

``` Transient rise in IOP: Most evident one hour postoperatively Anterior uveitis Hyphaema Cornea complications Oedema Reactivation of HSV ```

Question 33

Anterior chamber depth

Answer 33

Average depth 3.11mm | Volume 220 μl

Question 34

posterior chamber depth

Answer 34

Average depth 0.52mm | Volume 60 μl

Question 35

Vitreous cavity depth

Answer 35

Average depth 16.5mm | Volume 5.5 ml

Question 36

Abnormalities in ERG

Answer 36

Vit A deficiency | Ushers syndrome

Question 37

mfERG

Answer 37

Regional loss of retina

Question 38

EOG + BEST disease

Answer 38

In cases of maculopathy with marked FAF changes | If flash ERG is normal but the EOG light-rise reduced, think bestrophinopathy ~ BEST 1 mutation

Question 39

CI ICG and FFA

Answer 39

both CI if pregnant breastfeeding in FFA Seafood in ICG

Question 40

Haigis

Answer 40

Additionally uses AC depth