Imaging

Question 1

what are X-rays

Answer 1

uses electromagnetic waves to produce images

Question 2

what is the first type of imaging that will be provided

Answer 2

x-ray

Question 3

dense material - x-ray

Answer 3

shows up white
bone and metal

Question 4

black - x-ray

Answer 4

air in lungs

Question 5

shades of grey- x-ray

Answer 5

fat and muscles

Question 6

when is x-ray used - bone and teeth

Answer 6

fx and infections
bone tumours
osteoporosis

Question 7

when i x-ray used -chest

Answer 7

lung infections/conditions (pneumonia, tuberculosis)
breast cancer
enlarged heart

Question 8

when is x-ray used - abdomen

Answer 8

swallowed items
GI tracts problems (barium contrast medium)

Question 9

A

Answer 9

alignment : fx, subluxation, dislocation
joint space: narrowing due to cartilage loss, calcification, new bone formation

Question 10

B

Answer 10

bone texture : altered density or disruption

Question 11

C

Answer 11

cortices: trace around the bone as a step on the cortex may indicate fx or other pathology

Question 12

S

Answer 12

soft tissue: swelling, foreign bodies or effusion

Question 13

X-ray examples

Answer 13

see ppt

Question 14

risks of x-ray

Answer 14

small amount of radiation exposed o is safe
has been linked to cancer
safe for adults
not safe for developing fetus
children more sensitive to radiation

Question 15

CT scan

Answer 15

combines a series of x-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross sectional images of bone, vessels or soft tissue inside the body

Question 16

why use a CT scan

Answer 16

diagnose muscle or bone disorder
pinpoint location of infection, tumor or fx
guide procedure like surgery, biopsy and radiation therapy
detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung nodules and liver masses
monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments such as cancer
detect internal injuries and internal bleeding

Question 17

what allows radiologist to evaluate meniscus tear or chondromalacia patella

Answer 17

fluid that turns white on the image

injection of isotopes?

Question 18

diagnostic US characteristics

Answer 18

no radiation
quick
portable
low cost
done over metal
can be done dynamically

Question 19

US

Answer 19

high frequency sound waves that bounces off of tissues and organs to create a multi-dimensional image

Question 20

what is US good for

Answer 20

capturing soft tissues, muscles and ligaments

Question 21

gold standard for RC tears

Answer 21

US and CT scan

Question 22

MRI

Answer 22

technique that uses magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues in the body

Question 23

how does MRI work

Answer 23

magnetic field temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in your body
radio waves cause these aligned atoms to produce very faint signals which are used to create cross-sectional MRI images
produces 3D images that can be looked at from different angles
no radiation

Question 24

MRI helps evaluate

Answer 24

joint abnormalities causes by traumatic or repetitive injuries such as torn cartilage or ligaments
disc abnormalities in the spine
bone infection
tumors of the bone and soft tissues

Question 25

MRI for brain and spinal cord can help diagnose

Answer 25

aneurysms of cerebral vessels disorders of the eye and inner ear multiple sclerosis SC injuries stroke tumors brain injury from trauma

Question 26

MRI for heart and BV assesses for

Answer 26

size and function of the heart's chambers thickness and mvt of the walls of the heart the extent of damage caused by heart attack or heart disease structural problems in the aorta, such as aneurysms or dissections inflammation or blockages in the blood vessels

Question 27

MRI for internal organs

Answer 27

check for tumors or abnormalities of: liver and bile ducts kidneys spleen pancreas uterus ovaries prostate

Question 28

absolute contraindications of MRI

Answer 28

cardiac implantable electronic device metal pieces drug infusion pump artificial limb hearing aid

Question 29

relative contraindication of MRI

Answer 29

tattoos less than 6 weeks old shunts medication patch joint replacement or prosthesis pt unable to obey breathing instructions or has severe claustrophobia BMI

Question 30

Open MRI

Answer 30

larger opening image quality is directly proportional to magnetic field strength less diagnostic info (less strong)

Question 31

T1 vs T2

Answer 31

see table

Question 32

DEXA scan

Answer 32

bone density test uses low levels of x-ray to measure how dense your bones are

Question 33

goal of DEXA

Answer 33

designed to measure density of body tissue does not produce high quality picture

Question 34

dexa measures

Answer 34

mineral content of the bones in certain area of the skeleton bone loss

Question 35

common use for DEXA

Answer 35

diagnose OA compare BMD and normal for age

Question 36

bone scan use

Answer 36

detect stress fx of the long bones and vertebrae DD infections bone tumors of the bone fibrous dysplasia paget's disease avascular necrosis arthritis shows disturbance but not define nature of disturbance

Question 37

bone scan

Answer 37

looks at bone metabolism injection of isotopes several hours before scan to show increased areas of increased activity

Question 38

x-rays do not show stress fx unless

Answer 38

30-50% of bone loss

Question 39

abnormal bone scan

Answer 39

shows darker hot spots or lighter cold spots

Question 40

EMG use

Answer 40

used as a diagnistic procedure to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with nerve to muscle signal transmission

Question 41

why get EMG

Answer 41

tingling numbness muscle weakness muscle pain/cramping

Question 42

EMG diagnose/rule out

Answer 42

muscle disorders diseases affecting the connection between nerve and muscle dicorder of nerves outside the SC disorders that affect motor neurons in the brain/SC disorders that affect the nerve root (herniated disc)

Question 43

Cost of MRI in canada

Answer 43

1000-3000$ +300 contrast

Question 44

US cost

Answer 44

500$+500 if injection

Question 45

X-ray cost

Answer 45

100-1000$ average 260-460$